coding-standards

# 编码标准与最佳实践 适用于所有项目的通用编码标准。 ## 何时激活 * 开始新项目或新模块时 * 审查代码质量和可维护性时 * 重构现有代码以遵循约定时 * 强制执行命名、格式或结构一致性时 * 设置代码检查、格式化或类型检查规则时 * 引导新贡献者熟悉编码规范时 ## 代码质量原则 ### 1. 可读性优先 * 代码被阅读的次数远多于被编写的次数 * 清晰的变量和函数名 * 优先选择自文档化代码，而非注释 * 一致的格式化 ### 2. KISS (保持简单，傻瓜) * 采用能工作的最简单方案 * 避免过度设计 * 不要过早优化 * 易于理解 > 聪明的代码 ### 3. DRY (不要重复自己) * 将通用逻辑提取到函数中 * 创建可复用的组件 * 跨模块共享工具函数 * 避免复制粘贴式编程 ### 4. YAGNI (你不会需要它) * 不要预先构建不需要的功能 * 避免推测性泛化 * 仅在需要时增加复杂性 * 从简单开始，需要时再重构 ## TypeScript/JavaScript 标准 ### 变量命名 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Descriptive names const marketSearchQuery = 'election' const isUserAuthenticated = true const totalRevenue = 1000 // FAIL: BAD: Unclear names const q = 'election' const flag = true const x = 1000 ``` ### 函数命名 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Verb-noun pattern async function fetchMarketData(marketId: string) { } function calculateSimilarity(a: number[], b: number[]) { } function isValidEmail(email: string): boolean { } // FAIL: BAD: Unclear or noun-only async function market(id: string) { } function similarity(a, b) { } function email(e) { } ``` ### 不可变性模式 (关键) ```typescript // PASS: ALWAYS use spread operator const updatedUser = { ...user, name: 'New Name' } const updatedArray = [...items, newItem] // FAIL: NEVER mutate directly user.name = 'New Name' // BAD items.push(newItem) // BAD ``` ### 错误处理 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Comprehensive error handling async function fetchData(url: string) { try { const response = await fetch(url) if (!response.ok) { throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`) } return await response.json() } catch (error) { console.error('Fetch failed:', error) throw new Error('Failed to fetch data') } } // FAIL: BAD: No error handling async function fetchData(url) { const response = await fetch(url) return response.json() } ``` ### Async/Await 最佳实践 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Parallel execution when possible const [users, markets, stats] = await Promise.all([ fetchUsers(), fetchMarkets(), fetchStats() ]) // FAIL: BAD: Sequential when unnecessary const users = await fetchUsers() const markets = await fetchMarkets() const stats = await fetchStats() ``` ### 类型安全 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Proper types interface Market { id: string name: string status: 'active' | 'resolved' | 'closed' created_at: Date } function getMarket(id: string): Promise<Market> { // Implementation } // FAIL: BAD: Using 'any' function getMarket(id: any): Promise<any> { // Implementation } ``` ## React 最佳实践 ### 组件结构 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Functional component with types interface ButtonProps { children: React.ReactNode onClick: () => void disabled?: boolean variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary' } export function Button({ children, onClick, disabled = false, variant = 'primary' }: ButtonProps) { return ( <button onClick={onClick} disabled={disabled} className={`btn btn-${variant}`} > {children} </button> ) } // FAIL: BAD: No types, unclear structure export function Button(props) { return <button onClick={props.onClick}>{props.children}</button> } ``` ### 自定义 Hooks ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Reusable custom hook export function useDebounce<T>(value: T, delay: number): T { const [debouncedValue, setDebouncedValue] = useState<T>(value) useEffect(() => { const handler = setTimeout(() => { setDebouncedValue(value) }, delay) return () => clearTimeout(handler) }, [value, delay]) return debouncedValue } // Usage const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(searchQuery, 500) ``` ### 状态管理 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Proper state updates const [count, setCount] = useState(0) // Functional update for state based on previous state setCount(prev => prev + 1) // FAIL: BAD: Direct state reference setCount(count + 1) // Can be stale in async scenarios ``` ### 条件渲染 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Clear conditional rendering {isLoading && <Spinner />} {error && <ErrorMessage error={error} />} {data && <DataDisplay data={data} />} // FAIL: BAD: Ternary hell {isLoading ? <Spinner /> : error ? <ErrorMessage error={error} /> : data ? <DataDisplay data={data} /> : null} ``` ## API 设计标准 ### REST API 约定 ``` GET /api/markets # 列出所有市场 GET /api/markets/:id # 获取特定市场 POST /api/markets # 创建新市场 PUT /api/markets/:id # 更新市场（完整） PATCH /api/markets/:id # 更新市场（部分） DELETE /api/markets/:id # 删除市场 # 用于筛选的查询参数 GET /api/markets?status=active&limit=10&offset=0 ``` ### 响应格式 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Consistent response structure interface ApiResponse<T> { success: boolean data?: T error?: string meta?: { total: number page: number limit: number } } // Success response return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data: markets, meta: { total: 100, page: 1, limit: 10 } }) // Error response return NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: 'Invalid request' }, { status: 400 }) ``` ### 输入验证 ```typescript import { z } from 'zod' // PASS: GOOD: Schema validation const CreateMarketSchema = z.object({ name: z.string().min(1).max(200), description: z.string().min(1).max(2000), endDate: z.string().datetime(), categories: z.array(z.string()).min(1) }) export async function POST(request: Request) { const body = await request.json() try { const validated = CreateMarketSchema.parse(body) // Proceed with validated data } catch (error) { if (error instanceof z.ZodError) { return NextResponse.json({ success: false, error: 'Validation failed', details: error.errors }, { status: 400 }) } } } ``` ## 文件组织 ### 项目结构 ``` src/ ├── app/ # Next.js App Router │ ├── api/ # API routes │ ├── markets/ # Market pages │ └── (auth)/ # Auth pages (route groups) ├── components/ # React components │ ├── ui/ # Generic UI components │ ├── forms/ # Form components │ └── layouts/ # Layout components ├── hooks/ # Custom React hooks ├── lib/ # Utilities and configs │ ├── api/ # API clients │ ├── utils/ # Helper functions │ └── constants/ # Constants ├── types/ # TypeScript types └── styles/ # Global styles ``` ### 文件命名 ``` components/Button.tsx # 组件使用帕斯卡命名法 hooks/useAuth.ts # 使用 'use' 前缀的驼峰命名法 lib/formatDate.ts # 工具函数使用驼峰命名法 types/market.types.ts # 使用 .types 后缀的驼峰命名法 ``` ## 注释与文档 ### 何时添加注释 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Explain WHY, not WHAT // Use exponential backoff to avoid overwhelming the API during outages const delay = Math.min(1000 * Math.pow(2, retryCount), 30000) // Deliberately using mutation here for performance with large arrays items.push(newItem) // FAIL: BAD: Stating the obvious // Increment counter by 1 count++ // Set name to user's name name = user.name ``` ### 公共 API 的 JSDoc ````typescript /** * Searches markets using semantic similarity. * * @param query - Natural language search query * @param limit - Maximum number of results (default: 10) * @returns Array of markets sorted by similarity score * @throws {Error} If OpenAI API fails or Redis unavailable * * @example * ```typescript * const results = await searchMarkets('election', 5) * console.log(results[0].name) // "Trump vs Biden" * ``` */ export async function searchMarkets( query: string, limit: number = 10 ): Promise<Market[]> { // Implementation } ```` ## 性能最佳实践 ### 记忆化 ```typescript import { useMemo, useCallback } from 'react' // PASS: GOOD: Memoize expensive computations const sortedMarkets = useMemo(() => { return markets.sort((a, b) => b.volume - a.volume) }, [markets]) // PASS: GOOD: Memoize callbacks const handleSearch = useCallback((query: string) => { setSearchQuery(query) }, []) ``` ### 懒加载 ```typescript import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react' // PASS: GOOD: Lazy load heavy components const HeavyChart = lazy(() => import('./HeavyChart')) export function Dashboard() { return ( <Suspense fallback={<Spinner />}> <HeavyChart /> </Suspense> ) } ``` ### 数据库查询 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Select only needed columns const { data } = await supabase .from('markets') .select('id, name, status') .limit(10) // FAIL: BAD: Select everything const { data } = await supabase .from('markets') .select('*') ``` ## 测试标准 ### 测试结构 (AAA 模式) ```typescript test('calculates similarity correctly', () => { // Arrange const vector1 = [1, 0, 0] const vector2 = [0, 1, 0] // Act const similarity = calculateCosineSimilarity(vector1, vector2) // Assert expect(similarity).toBe(0) }) ``` ### 测试命名 ```typescript // PASS: GOOD: Descriptive test names test('returns empty array when no markets match query', () => { }) test('throws error when OpenAI API key is missing', () => { }) test('falls back to substring search when Redis unavailable', () => { }) // FAIL: BAD: Vague test names test('works', () => { }) test('test search', () => { }) ``` ## 代码异味检测 警惕以下反模式： ### 1. 长函数 ```typescript // FAIL: BAD: Function > 50 lines function processMarketData() { // 100 lines of code } // PASS: GOOD: Split into smaller functions function processMarketData() { const validated = validateData() const transformed = transformData(validated) return saveData(transformed) } ``` ### 2. 深层嵌套 ```typescript // FAIL: BAD: 5+ levels of nesting if (user) { if (user.isAdmin) { if (market) { if (market.isActive) { if (hasPermission) { // Do something } } } } } // PASS: GOOD: Early returns if (!user) return if (!user.isAdmin) return if (!market) return if (!market.isActive) return if (!hasPermission) return // Do something ``` ### 3. 魔法数字 ```typescript // FAIL: BAD: Unexplained numbers if (retryCount > 3) { } setTimeout(callback, 500) // PASS: GOOD: Named constants const MAX_RETRIES = 3 const DEBOUNCE_DELAY_MS = 500 if (retryCount > MAX_RETRIES) { } setTimeout(callback, DEBOUNCE_DELAY_MS) ``` **记住**：代码质量不容妥协。清晰、可维护的代码能够实现快速开发和自信的重构。