pollen-robotics/microduck_yocto

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# microduck_os The operating system for **microduck**, a small bipedal robot by [Pollen Robotics](https://www.pollen-robotics.com/): a Yocto image for the Rockchip RK3566, built on the Rockchip vendor BSP (kernel 6.1) and [kas](https://kas.readthedocs.io/). It boots straight into the robot's software, the daemons from [`pollen-robotics/microduck`](https://github.com/pollen-robotics/microduck), and updates itself with signed A/B bundles that roll back on their own when a new slot does not come up healthy. | Board | Machine | Status | |---|---|---| | Radxa Zero 3W (stand-in for the robot's board) | `microduck-zero3` | boots, updates, rolls back; flashed as an SD card | | microduck beta board (Seeed, first spin of the custom PCB) | `microduck-beta` | runs, open items in [`docs/agents/beta-board.md`](docs/agents/beta-board.md); flashed over USB-C to eMMC | | beta board with the V1.0 face board | `microduck-face-board-v1` | what the factory flashes; same as the beta but for the face; flashed over USB-C to eMMC | ## What is in the image - **The robot's daemons**: `robotd` (the 50 Hz Dynamixel control loop), `updaterd`, `mediad` (camera over WebRTC), `btd`, plus the policy set `robotd` walks with, seeded at build time. - **A/B OS updates with [RAUC](https://rauc.io/)**: kernel, device tree and root filesystem update together into the inactive slot; U-Boot falls back to the other slot if the new one does not pass its health check. User data lives on its own partition and survives every update. - **OS updates from a published channel**: `microduck-osupdate` checks a public bucket for new builds, installs a chosen one, or switches back to the other slot. Its prototype HTTP page listens on the robot's loopback interface only, and on every interface on the dev image. - **The board support**: radio drivers and Bluetooth attach for both boards, the camera ISP tuning for the beta board, hardware video encoding (MPP), and the motor bus on UART2. Two images are built from the same recipes: - **`microduck-image-dev`** (the default) adds password-less root login, ssh over wifi as well as USB, and debugging tools (`strace`, `tcpdump`, `evtest`, GStreamer tracers…). It only ever adds to the shipping image, so what is verified on it holds for both. - **`microduck-image`** is the shipping image. Its ssh listens only on the head's USB-C link (`192.168.42.1`), never on wifi, with no root login: `microduck` / `microduck` and sudo. Reaching that port means opening the robot. `sudo touch /run/microduck-ssh-wifi` opens ssh on wifi until the next reboot. The Zero 3W has no USB link and keeps ssh on wifi: it is never sold. ## Get an image Each [release](https://github.com/pollen-robotics/microduck_yocto/releases) is built from its tag for the beta boards and carries the card image (`.wic.zst`, its `.bmap` and checksum), the update bundle (`.raucb`), the package manifest, and `<machine>-loader.bin`, which `rkdeveloptool` needs. `gh release download <tag>` fetches them. Every push to `main` also builds them and publishes their bundles to the `dev` update channel. The Zero 3W is built only on demand: run the `build-image` workflow with `machine: microduck-zero3`. **Zero 3W**, onto a 16 GB or larger SD card (needs `bmap-tools`; `bmaptool` reads the `.zst` directly and writes only the blocks in use): ```sh sudo bmaptool copy --bmap microduck-image-microduck-zero3.rootfs-*.wic.bmap \ microduck-image-microduck-zero3.rootfs-*.wic.zst /dev/sdX ``` **Beta and face-board-v1 boards**: [`docs/flashing.md`](docs/flashing.md) is the step-by-step for writing the eMMC with `rkdeveloptool`, written for the factory. A board stuck in maskrom is in [`docs/agents/beta-board.md`](docs/agents/beta-board.md). Then give the robot wifi over Bluetooth (`duckctl wifi connect`, from the daemon repo). No RTC is fitted, so nothing that uses TLS works until the clock has synced over the network. ## Update a running robot From the phone app (Software screen, over Bluetooth), or on the robot: ```sh microduck-osupdate check # newest build on the channel, and the list of builds microduck-osupdate apply [BUILD] # download, verify, install into the other slot, reboot microduck-osupdate switch # boot the other slot as it is (rollback, no download) microduck-osupdate status ``` The prototype page is at `http://<robot>:8090` on the dev image. The shipping image keeps it on the robot's loopback, because its update and slot-switch endpoints do not authenticate callers: reach it there with `ssh -L 8090:127.0.0.1:8090 <user>@192.168.42.1` over the head USB-C link, then open `http://localhost:8090`. Or install a bundle by hand: ```sh rauc install microduck-bundle-*.raucb # writes the inactive slot and makes it primary reboot rauc status mark-bad booted && reboot # roll back to the other slot ``` A slot is marked good only once `microduck-slot-health.service` passes: the core daemons must have come up, as the daemon's own `robot-boot-check --dry-run` judges it (about 25 s after boot on a healthy one), the running kernel must be the slot's own (its modules are there), and a new OS must not have lost a radio the latest OS that passed had (wifi, Bluetooth). Missing hardware does not fail a boot on its own: a radio that disappears under an OS that already passed here (the same boot again, or a rollback) is logged and forgiven, so a board with a dead or not-yet-working chip can still update and roll back. `scripts/test-slot-health.sh` runs every case. An unhealthy slot is left unmarked rather than rebooted; each later reboot into it uses up one of its attempts, and when they run out U-Boot boots the other slot -- but only while the slot is on trial, from an install or a switch to its first good boot. After that `BOOT_ORDER` names it alone, so early power cuts or a failure on an OS that already passed never move the robot to its other OS (`microduck-slot-trial`, `scripts/test-slot-trial.sh`; `docs/agents/rauc.md`). **A slot with no network looks exactly like one that did not boot.** Check over Bluetooth (`duckctl scan`, `duckctl health`) before concluding it failed. ## Build The image is built with kas, and needs a few hundred GB of disk and several hours the first time; afterwards the shared-state cache makes rebuilds a matter of minutes. ### Locally You need Docker and [`kas-container`](https://kas.readthedocs.io/en/latest/userguide/kas-container.html) on your `PATH`. Put your build paths in `kas/local.env` (git-ignored): ```sh export KAS_BUILD_DIR=/srv/yocto/build export DL_DIR=/srv/yocto/downloads export SSTATE_DIR=/srv/yocto/sstate ``` then ```sh scripts/build-local.sh # the dev image, Zero 3W scripts/build-local.sh build --target microduck-image # the shipping image scripts/build-local.sh shell # a bitbake shell KAS_FILES=kas/microduck.yml:kas/beta.yml scripts/build-local.sh # the beta board ``` The daemon recipe fetches its repository over SSH, so the build needs an `ssh-agent` holding a key registered with GitHub, and `KAS_SSH_DIR` pointing at a directory with a `known_hosts` that trusts github.com. Paths are environment variables rather than `local.conf` entries because `kas-container` bind-mounts `KAS_BUILD_DIR`, `DL_DIR` and `SSTATE_DIR` into the container; a path in `local.conf` would name a host directory the container cannot see. `kas/microduck.yml` itself has no absolute paths and pins every layer to a commit, so a build is reproducible on any host. ### On Hugging Face Jobs The team builds on [Hugging Face Jobs](https://huggingface.co/docs/huggingface_hub/guides/jobs) with a persistent cache in a storage bucket, and so does CI: ```sh scripts/build-hfjob.sh # the dev image HFJOB_TARGET=microduck-bundle scripts/build-hfjob.sh # image + signed update bundle HFJOB_MACHINE=microduck-beta scripts/build-hfjob.sh # the beta board ``` The header of `scripts/build-hfjob.sh` lists every option, and [`docs/agents/hf-jobs.md`](docs/agents/hf-jobs.md) covers the cache and the traps. The `build-image` workflow runs it on every push to `main`, on every published release, and on demand. ### Which daemon the image seeds The release the recipe pins: its version is the file name (`microduck-daemon_<version>.bb`), its commit `SRCREV_daemon`. A bump is a commit: ```sh scripts/bump-daemon.sh # the newest release scripts/bump-daemon.sh 0.16.1 # that release ``` It refuses a release whose policy set, NPU runtime or detector model the image does not ship, then renames the recipe, sets `SRCREV_daemon` and rewrites `microduck-daemon-crates.inc` from the release's `Cargo.lock` files. Commit the diff; builds use what is committed and look nothing up. ### Signing keys Bundles are signed, and a robot installs only bundles signed by a key its CA trusts. There are two CAs in `meta-microduck/recipes-core/rauc/files/`: `ca-dev.cert.pem`, trusted by the dev image only, and `ca-prod.cert.pem`, trusted by both. The private keys are never in this repository or the image. CI signs every build with the development pair from its `RAUC_DEV_KEY` / `RAUC_DEV_CERT` secrets; only the `promote-os` workflow holds the production pair, and it re-signs a tested `candidate` build for `stable` (`docs/agents/rauc.md`, "Two CAs"). To sign your own dev builds, make a CA and key once, into the build directory: ```sh . kas/local.env mkdir -p "$KAS_BUILD_DIR/rauc-keys" && cd "$KAS_BUILD_DIR/rauc-keys" curl -sfLO https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rauc/meta-rauc/wrynose/scripts/openssl-ca.sh chmod +x openssl-ca.sh && ./openssl-ca.sh # edit ORG=/CA= at the top first cp openssl-ca/dev/development-1.cert.pem . cp openssl-ca/dev/private/development-1.key.pem . chmod 600 development-1.key.pem ``` and replace `ca-dev.cert.pem` with `openssl-ca/dev/ca.cert.pem`. A robot flashed with one CA refuses bundles signed under another. ## Repository layout ``` kas/microduck.yml layer pins and build configuration; no host paths kas/beta.yml compose last to build the beta board kas/hfjob.yml, hfjob.env the HF Jobs build kas/cve.yml compose for a CVE scan meta-microduck/ the robot's software: images, daemons, policies, RAUC bundle and config, OS updates, data partition, media meta-microduck-bsp/ the boards: machine confs, kernel, U-Boot, radio drivers, camera tuning, partition layout meta-microduck-distro/ the distro: init, network stack, what runs by default scripts/ build, publish and test scripts docs/flashing.md flashing a robot's eMMC, for the factory docs/agents/ deep notes, each a list of things that bite ``` The upstream layers are `openembedded-core`, `bitbake`, `meta-yocto`, `meta-openembedded`, `meta-rockchip` and `meta-rauc`, all on Yocto 6.0 **wrynose** (LTS to April 2030). There is no `poky` repo: it has no wrynose branch, so the three repos it combines are checked out separately. The partition layout is `meta-microduck-bsp/files/wic/microduck-ab.wks.in`. Its first 16 MiB follow Rockchip's documented table, because vendor code writes to fixed offsets there without reading the GPT: | # | label | offset | size | contents | |---|---|---|---|---| | — | *(idblock)* | 32 KiB | 3552 KiB | loader; the boot ROM reads sector 64 | | 1 | `v_storage` | 3.5 MiB | 256 KiB | Rockchip vendor storage: MAC, serial | | 2 | `uboot_env` | 0x3F8000 | 32 KiB | U-Boot environment: slot order and retry counters | | 3 | `uboot` | 8 MiB | 4 MiB | `uboot.img` | | 4 | `boot` | 16 MiB | 4 MiB | the device tree U-Boot reads for itself at start-up; no kernel | | — | *(unallocated)* | 20 MiB | 28 MiB | | | 5 | `rootfs_a` | 48 MiB | 4 GiB | slot A, kernel included | | 6 | `rootfs_b` | 4144 MiB | 4 GiB | slot B | | 7 | `data` | 8240 MiB | 1 GiB, then the rest of the disk | `/var/lib/robot`: policies, sounds, config, wifi | The slot size is the ceiling for every OS update a robot will take: the table never changes after flashing. `data` is small in the image, so it flashes fast and fits a 16 GB card, and `microduck-data-grow` extends it to the end of the disk on the first boot. U-Boot boots only the kernel in the chosen slot; `boot` holds no kernel, only the device tree U-Boot needs for itself (without it, it cannot read the chip's serial). It finds the slots by their partition GUIDs, so the same U-Boot also boots cards flashed with older layouts (`boot_b` at 48 MiB, slots at 6/7). [`docs/agents/rauc.md`](docs/agents/rauc.md) has the update design and its traps. ## Hardware notes - **UART2 is contested.** It is both the RK3566 debug console and the bus `robotd` drives the 15 Dynamixel servos and the IMU on, and they cannot share it: a getty reads servo replies before `robotd` does, and kernel messages corrupt them. `MICRODUCK_MOTOR_UART` in `meta-microduck-bsp/conf/machine/include/microduck-common.inc` gives it to the motors (the default). U-Boot still prints on it at power-on. - **No RTC.** Time comes from the network, and TLS fails until it has. - **Zero 3W radio.** The AIC8800's Bluetooth needs `hciattach`, never `btattach`, and gamepad pairing needs a workaround; both are in [`docs/agents/zero3-board.md`](docs/agents/zero3-board.md). ## Developing software for the image You do not need a Yocto tree to work on the robot's software: 1. **Pure Rust** (`robotd`, `updaterd`, `robotctl`): the daemon repo cross-compiles on its own (`cargo board`); copy the binaries to the robot. 2. **Linking native libraries** (`mediad` against GStreamer and MPP): build the SDK once with `bitbake microduck-image -c populate_sdk`, install it, and `source` its `environment-setup-*` script; cargo, meson and cmake then link against the real target libraries. 3. **Changing a recipe in the image**: `devtool modify <recipe>`, `devtool build`, `devtool deploy-target <recipe> root@<robot>`. Some things can be tested without a board. A container from the rootfs tarball (`zstd -dc ...rootfs.tar.zst | docker import - microduck-rootfs`, with `qemu-aarch64` binfmt) checks that binaries link and run. The kernel carries a `qemu-virt.cfg` fragment, so the exact kernel and rootfs that ship also boot under `qemu-system-aarch64 -M virt -cpu max`, which catches systemd ordering and network bring-up problems. U-Boot, the device tree, the radios and the motor bus need hardware. ## Contributing Read [`AGENTS.md`](AGENTS.md) first: it is the working notes for this repository, for people and coding agents alike, and lists the upstream assumptions that have already cost a build. Before opening a pull request: - bitbake parses and the target builds; - `oelint-adv` is clean (CI runs it; the command is in `AGENTS.md`); - after touching the partition layout, `scripts/check-wks-layout.py` says `layout ok`; - after touching U-Boot's boot script, `scripts/test-uboot-bootcmd.sh` passes. Report security issues privately, as [`SECURITY.md`](SECURITY.md) describes. ## License The metadata in this repository (recipes, configuration, scripts, docs) is licensed under Apache-2.0, like the `microduck` daemon; see `LICENSE`. Patches carry the licence of the project they patch. The software the recipes build keeps its own licence, which each recipe declares in `LICENSE`.

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2026-10-29

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