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name hono-routing description Type-safe Hono APIs with routing, middleware, RPC. Use for request validation, Zod/Valibot validators, or encountering middleware type inference, validation hook, RPC errors. license MIT metadata {"version":"2.0.0","package_version":"4.12.12","last_verified":"2025-11-21","errors_prevented":12,"templates_included":9,"references_included":6,"keywords":["hono","hono routing","hono middleware","hono rpc","hono validator","zod validator","valibot validator","type-safe api","hono context","hono error handling","HTTPException","c.req.valid","middleware composition","hono hooks","typed routes","hono client","middleware response not typed","hono validation failed","hono rpc type inference"]}
Hono Routing & Middleware
Status : Production Ready ✅
Last Updated : 2025-11-21
Dependencies : None (framework-agnostic)
Latest Versions : hono@4.12.12, zod@4.3.6, valibot@1.1.0
Quick Start (5 Minutes)
Install
bun add hono@4.12.12
Why Hono:
Fast : Built on Web Standards, runs on any JavaScript runtimeLightweight : ~10KB, no dependenciesType-safe : Full TypeScript support with type inference
Flexible : Works on Cloudflare Workers, Deno, Bun, Node.js, Vercel
Basic App import { Hono } from 'hono'
const app = new Hono ()
app.get ('/' , (c ) => {
return c.json ({ message : 'Hello Hono!' })
})
export default app
Use c.json(), c.text(), c.html() for responses
Return the response (don't use res.send() like Express)
Export app for runtime
Add Validation bun add zod@4.3.6 @hono/zod-validator@0.7.4
import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator'
import { z } from 'zod'
const schema = z.object ({
name : z.string (),
age : z.number (),
})
app.post ('/user' , zValidator ('json' , schema), (c ) => {
const data = c.req .valid ('json' )
return c.json ({ success : true , data })
})
Critical Rules
Always Do ✅ Return responses from handlers (c.json, c.text, c.html, etc.)
✅ Use c.req.valid('source') after validation middleware to get typed data
✅ Export app for deployment (Cloudflare Workers, Bun, Deno, Node.js)
✅ Use validation middleware (zValidator, vValidator) for type-safe request data
✅ Call await next() in middleware to pass control to next handler
✅ Use HTTPException for expected errors (returns proper HTTP status)
✅ Use template tag validators (zValidator, vValidator) not hooks
✅ Define context types for custom variables (Hono<{ Variables: { ... } }>)
✅ Use sub-apps (app.route()) for organizing large APIs
✅ Type your RPC routes (export type AppType = typeof routes) for client
Never Do ❌ Never forget to return response from handlers
❌ Never use req.json() directly without validation - use c.req.valid()
❌ Never mix validation hooks with middleware - use middleware only
❌ Never forget await next() in middleware - breaks middleware chain
❌ Never use res.send() - not available (use c.json(), c.text(), etc.)
❌ Never skip error handling - use app.onError() for global handler
❌ Never access unvalidated data after validation middleware
❌ Never use blocking operations in middleware - breaks async chain
❌ Never hardcode origins in CORS - use environment variables
❌ Never skip type exports for RPC - client won't have types
Top 5 Errors (See references/top-errors.md for all 12)
Error #1: Middleware Response Not Typed Problem : Middleware returns response but route handler still executes
Solution : Don't return from middleware if you want chain to continue - only set variables
app.use ('*' , (c ) => {
return c.json ({ error : 'Unauthorized' }, 401 )
})
app.use ('*' , (c, next ) => {
if (!isAuthorized) {
throw new HTTPException (401 , { message : 'Unauthorized' })
}
await next ()
})
Error #2: Validation Hook vs Middleware Confusion Problem : Using validation hooks instead of middleware
Solution : Always use middleware validators (zValidator, vValidator)
app.post ('/user' , (c ) => {
const data = c.req .json <User >()
})
app.post ('/user' , zValidator ('json' , schema), (c ) => {
const data = c.req .valid ('json' )
})
Error #3: Missing await next() in Middleware Problem : Middleware doesn't call next(), breaking chain
Solution : Always call await next() unless returning early
app.use ('*' , (c ) => {
console .log ('Log' )
})
app.use ('*' , async (c, next) => {
console .log ('Log' )
await next ()
})
Error #4: Context Variable Type Inference Problem : c.get() and c.set() not typed
Solution : Define Variables type in Hono constructor
const app = new Hono ()
c.set ('user' , { id : '123' })
const user = c.get ('user' )
type Variables = {
user : { id : string ; name : string }
}
const app = new Hono <{ Variables : Variables }>()
c.set ('user' , { id : '123' , name : 'Alice' })
const user = c.get ('user' )
Error #5: RPC Type Inference Not Working Problem : Client doesn't have types from server routes
Solution : Export AppType and use hc
const routes = app.get ('/users' , (c ) => c.json ([]))
export type AppType = typeof routes
import { hc } from 'hono/client'
import type { AppType } from './server'
const client = hc<AppType >('http://localhost:8787' )
Load references/top-errors.md for all 12 errors with detailed solutions.
Common Use Cases
Use Case 1: Basic REST API When : Simple CRUD operations
Quick Pattern :
app.get ('/users' , (c ) => c.json ({ users : [] }))
app.post ('/users' , (c ) => c.json ({ created : true }))
app.get ('/users/:id' , (c ) => c.json ({ user : {} }))
app.put ('/users/:id' , (c ) => c.json ({ updated : true }))
app.delete ('/users/:id' , (c ) => c.json ({ deleted : true }))
Load : references/setup-guide.md → Complete Example
Use Case 2: Request Validation (Zod) When : Need type-safe request validation
Quick Pattern :
import { zValidator } from '@hono/zod-validator'
import { z } from 'zod'
app.post ('/user' ,
zValidator ('json' , z.object ({
name : z.string (),
email : z.email (),
})),
(c ) => {
const data = c.req .valid ('json' )
return c.json (data)
}
)
Load : references/validation-libraries.md
Use Case 3: Type-Safe RPC When : Full-stack TypeScript with shared types
Load : references/rpc-guide.md + templates/rpc-pattern.ts
Use Case 4: Middleware Composition When : Authentication, logging, rate limiting
Load : references/middleware-catalog.md + templates/middleware-composition.ts
Use Case 5: Custom Context Variables When : Share data between middleware and routes
Load : templates/context-extension.ts
When to Load References Load references/setup-guide.md when :
User needs complete setup walkthrough
User asks about deployment to different runtimes
User needs CRUD API example
User wants to try alternative validators (Valibot, ArkType, Typia)
Load references/top-errors.md when :
Encountering any of the 12 documented errors
User has middleware type issues
User confused about validation hooks vs middleware
User needs troubleshooting or debugging
Load references/common-patterns.md when :
User asks for code examples or best practices
User needs route grouping, error handling, file upload patterns
User wants streaming, WebSocket, or pagination examples
Load references/middleware-catalog.md when :
User needs built-in middleware (cors, logger, jwt, cache, compress, etag)
User wants to create custom middleware
User asks about authentication or authorization
Load references/rpc-guide.md when :
User building full-stack TypeScript app
User wants type-safe client/server communication
User asks about hono/client or RPC patterns
Load references/validation-libraries.md when :
User comparing Zod vs Valibot vs ArkType vs Typia
User needs validation examples for each library
User asks about performance or bundle size
Configuration Reference
Minimal Configuration import { Hono } from 'hono'
const app = new Hono ()
app.get ('/' , (c ) => c.json ({ message : 'Hello' }))
export default app
Production Configuration import { Hono } from 'hono'
import { cors } from 'hono/cors'
import { logger } from 'hono/logger'
import { HTTPException } from 'hono/http-exception'
type Variables = {
user : { id : string ; name : string }
requestId : string
}
const app = new Hono <{ Variables : Variables }>()
app.use ('*' , logger ())
app.use ('*' , async (c, next) => {
c.set ('requestId' , crypto.randomUUID ())
await next ()
})
app.use ('*' , cors ({
origin : process.env .ALLOWED_ORIGINS ?.split (',' ) || [],
credentials : true ,
}))
app.route ('/api' , apiRoutes)
app.onError ((err, c ) => {
if (err instanceof HTTPException ) {
return c.json (
{ error : err.message },
err.status
)
}
console .error (err)
return c.json (
{ error : 'Internal Server Error' },
500
)
})
app.notFound ((c ) => {
return c.json ({ error : 'Not Found' }, 404 )
})
export default app
Using Bundled Resources
References (references/)
setup-guide.md - Complete 6-step setup (install → deploy)top-errors.md - All 12 errors with solutionscommon-patterns.md - 7 production patterns (RPC, middleware, error handling, file upload)middleware-catalog.md - Built-in middleware reference (cors, logger, jwt, cache)rpc-guide.md - Type-safe RPC client/server guidevalidation-libraries.md - Comparison of Zod, Valibot, ArkType, Typia
Templates (templates/)
routing-patterns.ts - Route examples (params, query, wildcard, grouping)validation-zod.ts - Zod validation examplesvalidation-valibot.ts - Valibot validation examplesmiddleware-composition.ts - Auth, rate limiting, logging middlewareerror-handling.ts - HTTPException and global error handlercontext-extension.ts - Custom context variablesrpc-pattern.ts - RPC server setuprpc-client.tsx - RPC client usagepackage.json - Dependencies configuration
Dependencies
hono@^4.12.12 - Core framework Choose ONE validator (recommended):
zod@^4.3.6 + @hono/zod-validator@^0.7.4 (most popular)valibot@^1.1.0 + @hono/valibot-validator@^0.6.1 (smaller bundle)arktype@^2.0.0 + @hono/arktype-validator@^0.1.0 (fastest runtime)typia@^7.0.0 + @hono/typia-validator@^0.1.0 (compile-time validation)
@hono/node-server - Node.js adapter@cloudflare/workers-types - TypeScript types for Workers
Official Documentation
Comparison: Hono vs Alternatives Feature Hono Express Fastify Size ~10KB ~200KB ~100KB TypeScript ✅ Native ⚠️ Types ✅ Native Type Inference ✅ Full ❌ No ⚠️ Limited RPC ✅ Built-in ❌ No ❌ No Edge Runtime ✅ Yes ❌ No ❌ No Validation ✅ Plugin ⚠️ Manual ✅ Plugin Speed Very Fast Fast Very Fast
Use Hono if : TypeScript, edge runtime, full type inference, small bundleUse Express if : Legacy Node.js app, large ecosystem neededUse Fastify if : Node.js only, need fastest Node.js framework
Production Examples Verified working projects :
Secure Installation When installing Hono and middleware packages, follow supply chain security best practices:
Block post-install scripts — npm config set ignore-scripts true (or Bun: disabled by default)Cooldown period — Wait 7 days for new package versions to be vetted by the communityAudit before installing — Run socket package score npm <pkg> or use socket npm install <pkg> to check packages Load the dependency-upgrade skill for full security configuration including Socket CLI integration, cooldown setup, lockfile validation, and CI enforcement.
Complete Setup Checklist
Check references/top-errors.md for all 12 errors and solutions
Review references/setup-guide.md for complete setup walkthrough
See references/common-patterns.md for production patterns
Check references/middleware-catalog.md for built-in middleware
See references/rpc-guide.md for type-safe client/server
Check official docs: https://hono.dev
