| Along-track striping or banding | Detector failure, incomplete destriping, per-detector gain drift | Per-band histograms by line; compare adjacent paths |
| Blue or haze bias across scene | AOT underestimate, wrong aerosol model in 6S/Sen2Cor/LaSRC | MODIS/MERRA AOT overlay; ground sun photometer; dark-target sanity |
| Step edges at tile boundaries | Different processing dates, separate atmospheric params | Metadata per tile; reprocess mosaic with unified AOT |
| Change only at parcel edges | Misregistration, mixed pixels, different GSD | Sub-pixel shift search; overlay vectors; coregistration RMSE |
| SAR bright ridges on slopes | Uncorrected foreshortening/layover; DEM error in RTC | Incidence angle map; swap DEM; check γ⁰ vs σ⁰ |
| InSAR fringes on vegetation | Low coherence, volume decorrelation | Coherence map; shorten temporal baseline; forest mask |
| PolSAR odd H/α clusters | Faraday rotation, calibration drift | L-band ionosphere map; corner reflector campaign |
| Lidar CHM spikes or pits | Misclassified ground, flight-line overlap | Return-class histogram; cross-flight nadir comparison |
| Classification salt-and-pepper | GSD too fine for class, no spatial context | Majority filter test; CRF; increase minimum mapping unit |
| NDVI drop without field evidence | Cloud shadow, terrain shadow, BRDF | Mask layers; view geometry; topographic shadow index |
| GEE vs local product mismatch | Different atmospheric module, scale, mask | Side-by-side histogram; identical ROI export |
| HLS band mismatch vs native S2 | Bandpass residuals, different BRDF handling | Spectral angle on invariant targets; per-sensor residual |
| Thermal LST too cold/warm | Emissivity map, atmospheric profile, mixed pixel | Emissivity sensitivity; split-window coeffs; land-cover stratify |
| Deep learning great on tiles, poor map | Spatial leakage, label noise, domain shift | Block CV; error map by biome; confusion by commission source |
| Biophysical retrieval saturation | PROSAIL ill-conditioning, LUT gap | Residual vs in situ; valid range table; add SWIR/red-edge |
| Terrain shadow persists after mask | DEM resolution, sun azimuth error, C-correction skip | Hillshade vs mask; slope histogram; SCS+C retry |
| Striping after Sen2Cor | RADIOMETRIC_OFFSET, partial L2A failure | Per-detector line means; re-download granule |
| MODIS tile seam in composite | Different observation days per tile | Per-pixel composite date band; BRDF normalize |
| UTM zone edge distortion | Large-area single CRS | Equal-area CRS for statistics; local UTM per tile |
| Rasterio nodata bleed in mosaic | VRT nodata mismatch | Align nodata values; cutline blend |
