docker

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name: docker description: Production Docker best practices for writing Dockerfiles, Compose files, and Swarm stacks. Use whenever creating or editing a Dockerfile, a docker-compose / compose.yaml, or a stack file, or building and optimizing an image. Fixes the handful of things Claude reliably gets wrong: multi-stage builds, layer-cache ordering, exec-form ENTRYPOINT for correct signals and exit codes, init:true, keeping secrets and env out of the image, non-root users, and healthchecks. From production, not defaults. when_to_use: |

• Writing or editing a Dockerfile, a Compose file, or a Swarm stack file
• Building, slimming, or speeding up an image
• Debugging containers that won't stop gracefully, leave zombie processes, or ignore SIGTERM
• Deciding how config, env, and secrets reach a container
• Do NOT use for orchestration choices unrelated to packaging (cluster sizing, cloud provider selection)

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Docker: Production Image and Compose Rules

From production, not defaults. Claude's Dockerfiles tend to be wrong in the same few ways. Fix them here.

Dockerfile

• Multi-stage builds, always. Build in a stage that has the compilers and dev dependencies, then COPY --from=build only the artifacts into a slim runtime stage. The runtime image carries no build tools, which cuts size hard (a real build went from ~2GB to ~200MB) and removes a pile of CVEs.

FROM node:22 AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build

FROM node:22-slim AS runtime
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --omit=dev
COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
USER node
ENTRYPOINT ["node", "dist/server.js"]

• Order layers by how often they change: stable first, source last. Docker caches each layer and rebuilds every layer after the first one whose inputs changed. So copy the dependency manifest and install deps BEFORE copying source: COPY package*.json ./ then RUN npm ci then COPY . .. Copy source first and a one-line code change reinstalls every dependency, every build.

• The runtime command is ENTRYPOINT/CMD in exec form, never RUN. RUN executes at build time; the container's process belongs in ENTRYPOINT ["node","server.js"] (a JSON array). Use exec form, not shell form (ENTRYPOINT node server.js): shell form runs your app under /bin/sh -c, so sh is PID 1, it swallows SIGTERM, and your app never shuts down gracefully (Docker waits out the grace period then SIGKILLs it) and its exit code is lost. Exec form makes your process PID 1 so signals and exit codes propagate. ENTRYPOINT for the executable, CMD for default args.

• Pin base image versions. FROM node:22.3.0-slim, not node:latest. latest makes builds non-reproducible and shifts under you silently. Pin a tag (or a digest for full reproducibility), and expose it as an ARG so it's easy to bump deliberately.

• Add a .dockerignore. Exclude node_modules, .git, .env, dist, and local junk. Without it the whole directory ships as build context (slow), busts the cache on unrelated changes, and can bake a stale node_modules or a secret file into the image.

• Run as non-root. Containers run as root by default. Add a USER (for example USER node) before the entrypoint so a container escape isn't root on the host.

• Add a HEALTHCHECK. Swarm and Compose use it to know a container is actually ready, which is what makes rolling updates and automatic rollback work. Without it, "running" only means the process started, not that it serves traffic.

• Combine and clean in one RUN. apt-get update && apt-get install -y ... && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* in a single layer. A separate update layer goes stale behind the cache, and the cleanup only shrinks the image if it happens in the same layer that added the files.

Compose and Swarm

• init: true on every service. The one always missed. It runs a tiny init (tini) as PID 1 that forwards signals to your process and reaps zombie children. Without it, signal handling and zombie reaping become your app's problem and docker stop often hangs to the timeout. Pair it with an exec-form ENTRYPOINT.

• Set resource limits AND reservations. Reservations make the scheduler place the container only where the resources exist; limits cap it so a runaway container can't take down the node. Both, not one.

• Configure rolling updates and rollback. update_config with parallelism: 1, a delay, order: stop-first (or start-first for blue-green), and failure_action: rollback. Combined with a HEALTHCHECK, a bad deploy rolls itself back instead of taking the service down.

• Reference services by name, never by IP. Container IPs change on every restart, scale, and update. Use the service name and let Docker DNS resolve it (backend-service:8080). A hardcoded IP is a guaranteed future outage.

• Substitute env with defaults. replicas: ${NGINX_REPLICAS:-2} and image: registry/app:${BUILD_VERSION:-latest} keep one file working across environments through .env.

Secrets and config

• Never bake secrets into the image. ARG and ENV values are stored in image layers and show up in docker history, so a secret written into the Dockerfile is a leaked secret. Use BuildKit build secrets (RUN --mount=type=secret,id=...) for build time, and Docker secrets (mounted at /run/secrets/<name>) or runtime env for run time. Docker secrets are encrypted at rest, never appear in docker inspect, and are scoped to the services that mount them.

• Secrets for sensitive, configs for the rest. Docker secret for certs, keys, and passwords (encrypted); Docker config for non-sensitive files like an IP blocklist (not encrypted, but versioned and injected the same way). Neither goes in the image, both are injected at deploy.

• Log to stdout/stderr, not to files inside the container. Write to /dev/stdout and /dev/stderr so Docker's logging driver and your aggregator collect them. Logging to a file inside the container hides the output and fills the writable layer.

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This skill is built to grow. Add a rule when a real Dockerfile or stack failure has a stable, defensible fix.