القائمة
CBSE Grade 10 Chemistry — Chemical Reactions, Acids/Bases, Metals, Carbon Compounds. Activate for chemistry concepts, equations, reactions, and board exam preparation.
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استنادا إلى تصنيف SOC المهني
CBSE Grade 10 Geography — Contemporary India II. Covers Resources, Agriculture, Manufacturing, and Map Work. Activate for geography concepts, map skills, and board exam preparation.
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What to do the night before, morning of, and during the exam. Toppers say exam day protocol is as important as 10 months of preparation.
Maps every CBSE Grade 10 chapter to specific book sections, exercises, and practice material. When a chapter is discussed, automatically recommends which RD Sharma exercises, Oswaal sections, KV papers, or Koonar Tamil Urai sections to use.
Competency-Based Question (CBQ) and Case Study engine for CBSE Grade 10. 50% of every 80-mark paper is now CBQ format. Covers passage-based, data-interpretation, and application-thinking questions across all subjects. CRITICAL for 495+.
| name | chemistry |
| description | CBSE Grade 10 Chemistry — Chemical Reactions, Acids/Bases, Metals, Carbon Compounds. Activate for chemistry concepts, equations, reactions, and board exam preparation. |
| Unit | Chapters | Marks |
|---|---|---|
| I. Chemical Substances – Nature and Behaviour | Ch 1: Chemical Reactions and Equations | 25 |
| Ch 2: Acids, Bases and Salts | (combined) | |
| Ch 3: Metals and Non-metals | ||
| Ch 4: Carbon and its Compounds | ||
| Chemistry Total | 4 Chapters | ~25 |
COMBINATION:
2Mg(s) + O₂(g) → 2MgO(s) [Burning magnesium]
CaO(s) + H₂O(l) → Ca(OH)₂(aq) [Quick lime + water]
C(s) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) [Burning carbon]
DECOMPOSITION:
2FeSO₄(s) →heat→ Fe₂O₃(s) + SO₂(g) + SO₃(g) [Thermal decomposition]
CaCO₃(s) →heat→ CaO(s) + CO₂(g) [Limestone heating]
2Pb(NO₃)₂(s) →heat→ 2PbO(s) + 4NO₂(g) + O₂(g) [Lead nitrate]
2AgCl(s) →sunlight→ 2Ag(s) + Cl₂(g) [Photolytic decomposition]
2H₂O(l) →electricity→ 2H₂(g) + O₂(g) [Electrolytic decomposition]
DISPLACEMENT:
Fe(s) + CuSO₄(aq) → FeSO₄(aq) + Cu(s) [Iron displaces copper]
Zn(s) + CuSO₄(aq) → ZnSO₄(aq) + Cu(s) [Zinc displaces copper]
DOUBLE DISPLACEMENT:
Na₂SO₄(aq) + BaCl₂(aq) → BaSO₄(s)↓ + 2NaCl(aq) [Precipitation]
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) [Neutralization]
REDOX:
CuO(s) + H₂(g) → Cu(s) + H₂O(l)
[CuO: reduced (lost O), H₂: oxidized (gained O)]
MnO₂ + 4HCl → MnCl₂ + 2H₂O + Cl₂
[MnO₂: oxidizing agent, HCl: reducing agent]
ACID + METAL → Salt + Hydrogen gas
2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)↑
ACID + METAL CARBONATE → Salt + H₂O + CO₂
2HCl(aq) + Na₂CO₃(s) → 2NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)↑
ACID + METAL HYDROGEN CARBONATE → Salt + H₂O + CO₂
HCl(aq) + NaHCO₃(s) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)↑
ACID + BASE → Salt + Water (Neutralization)
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)
ACID + METAL OXIDE → Salt + Water
2HCl(aq) + CuO(s) → CuCl₂(aq) + H₂O(l)
BASE + NON-METAL OXIDE → Salt + Water
2NaOH(aq) + CO₂(g) → Na₂CO₃(aq) + H₂O(l)
COMMON SALT: NaCl (Sodium chloride)
Source: Sea water, rock salt deposits
BAKING SODA: NaHCO₃ (Sodium hydrogen carbonate)
Uses: antacid, fire extinguisher, baking
WASHING SODA: Na₂CO₃·10H₂O (Sodium carbonate decahydrate)
Preparation: NaCl + NH₃ + CO₂ + H₂O → NaHCO₃ + NH₄Cl
2NaHCO₃ →heat→ Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂
BLEACHING POWDER: Ca(OCl)Cl / CaOCl₂ (Calcium oxy-chloride)
Preparation: Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ → CaOCl₂ + H₂O
PLASTER OF PARIS: CaSO₄·½H₂O (Calcium sulphate hemihydrate)
Preparation: CaSO₄·2H₂O →373K→ CaSO₄·½H₂O + 1½H₂O
Setting: CaSO₄·½H₂O + 1½H₂O → CaSO₄·2H₂O (exothermic)
CHLOR-ALKALI PROCESS:
2NaCl(aq) + 2H₂O(l) →electrolysis→ 2NaOH(aq) + Cl₂(g) + H₂(g)
At anode: Cl₂ At cathode: H₂ Near cathode: NaOH
pH 0-1: Strong acid (HCl, H₂SO₄)
pH 2-3: Weak acid (vinegar, lemon juice)
pH 4-6: Slightly acidic (tomato, coffee, rain water)
pH 7: Neutral (pure water)
pH 8-9: Slightly basic (baking soda, blood)
pH 10-11: Weak base (milk of magnesia)
pH 12-14: Strong base (NaOH, KOH)
Body context:
Stomach: pH 1.5-3.5 (HCl)
Blood: pH 7.35-7.45
Tooth enamel decays below pH 5.5
Most Reactive → Least Reactive:
K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Ni > Sn > Pb > [H] > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au > Pt
Mnemonic: "King Nathu Can Make A Zoo In Nagpur Since Pankaj Has Cupboard Having Silver And Gold Plus Platinum"
KEY RULE:
- More reactive metal displaces less reactive metal from its salt solution
- Metals above hydrogen react with dilute acids to produce H₂
- Metals below hydrogen do NOT react with dilute acids
HIGH REACTIVITY (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al):
→ Electrolytic reduction
Example: 2Al₂O₃ →electrolysis→ 4Al + 3O₂ (with cryolite Na₃AlF₆)
MEDIUM REACTIVITY (Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb):
→ Reduction with carbon (smelting)
Example: ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Fe₂O₃ + 3C → 2Fe + 3CO
LOW REACTIVITY (Cu, Hg, Ag, Au):
→ Self-reduction or just heating in air
Example: 2HgS + 3O₂ → 2HgO + 2SO₂
2HgO →heat→ 2Hg + O₂
STEPS IN EXTRACTION:
1. Mining (dig ore from earth)
2. Enrichment/Concentration (remove impurities)
3. Roasting (heat sulphide ore in air → oxide)
2ZnS + 3O₂ → 2ZnO + 2SO₂
4. Calcination (heat carbonate ore → oxide)
ZnCO₃ → ZnO + CO₂
5. Reduction (oxide → metal)
6. Refining (electrolytic refining for purity)
Na → Na⁺ + e⁻ (loses 1 electron)
Cl + e⁻ → Cl⁻ (gains 1 electron)
Na⁺Cl⁻ → NaCl (ionic compound)
Properties of ionic compounds:
- High melting and boiling point
- Soluble in water
- Conduct electricity in molten/aqueous state (NOT solid)
- Hard but brittle
ALKANES (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂) — Single bonds — Saturated
CH₄ (Methane), C₂H₆ (Ethane), C₃H₈ (Propane), C₄H₁₀ (Butane), C₅H₁₂ (Pentane)
ALKENES (CₙH₂ₙ) — One double bond — Unsaturated
C₂H₄ (Ethene), C₃H₆ (Propene), C₄H₈ (Butene)
ALKYNES (CₙH₂ₙ₋₂) — One triple bond — Unsaturated
C₂H₂ (Ethyne/Acetylene), C₃H₄ (Propyne)
| Group | Formula | Name Suffix | Example |
|-------|---------|------------|---------|
| Alcohol | -OH | -ol | Ethanol (C₂H₅OH) |
| Aldehyde | -CHO | -al | Ethanal (CH₃CHO) |
| Ketone | >C=O | -one | Propanone (CH₃COCH₃) |
| Carboxylic acid | -COOH | -oic acid | Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) |
| Halide | -X (Cl,Br) | -chloro/-bromo | Chloromethane (CH₃Cl) |
COMBUSTION:
CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + heat (complete)
2CH₄ + 3O₂ → 2CO + 4H₂O (incomplete — forms soot)
OXIDATION OF ETHANOL:
CH₃CH₂OH + [O] →alkaline KMnO₄→ CH₃COOH
(Ethanol → Ethanoic acid)
ADDITION REACTION (unsaturated → saturated):
CH₂=CH₂ + H₂ →Ni catalyst→ CH₃-CH₃
(Ethene + Hydrogen → Ethane)
CH₂=CH₂ + Br₂ → CH₂Br-CH₂Br (decolourizes bromine water — TEST for unsaturation)
SUBSTITUTION REACTION (saturated):
CH₄ + Cl₂ →sunlight→ CH₃Cl + HCl
(Methane + Chlorine → Chloromethane)
ESTERIFICATION:
CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH →acid catalyst→ CH₃COOC₂H₅ + H₂O
(Ethanoic acid + Ethanol → Ethyl ethanoate — fruity smell)
SAPONIFICATION:
Fat/Oil + NaOH → Soap + Glycerol
Formula: C₂H₅OH or CH₃CH₂OH
Boiling point: 78°C
- Reacts with Na: 2Na + 2C₂H₅OH → 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂↑
- Dehydration: C₂H₅OH →conc.H₂SO₄, 443K→ C₂H₄ + H₂O
- Oxidation: →KMnO₄→ CH₃COOH
Formula: CH₃COOH (Acetic acid, vinegar has 5-8%)
Melting point: 17°C (freezes in winter → "glacial" acetic acid)
- Reacts with NaHCO₃: CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂↑
- Reacts with NaOH: CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O
- Esterification with Ethanol (see above)
SOAP:
- Sodium/potassium salt of long-chain fatty acid
- Example: C₁₇H₃₅COONa (Sodium stearate)
- Doesn't work in hard water (forms scum with Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺)
DETERGENT:
- Sodium salt of sulphonic acid
- Works in both hard and soft water
- Example: CH₃(CH₂)₁₁C₆H₄SO₃Na
MICELLE FORMATION:
- Hydrophobic tail → dissolves in grease/oil
- Hydrophilic head → dissolves in water
- Forms spherical structure trapping oil in center