sources-uses

name

sources-uses

description

Build a sources and uses schedule with the pro-forma capital structure in Excel for a specific transaction — purchase-price build, the equity-value to enterprise-value bridge, refinanced debt, fees and expenses, funding from cash on hand, new debt, new equity and rollover, and pro-forma leverage and coverage. Use when a banker, corp-dev team, or CFO asks how a deal gets funded, what the total funding need is, or what the balance sheet looks like the day after close.

Sources and Uses

先载入 xlsx-author 技能，再动手建表。 出处载体（Class A 的 Source: 批注 / Class B 的 来源 表加 来源编号 列）、四色含义、「填机构不填接口名」、URL 的两种诚实 写法、交付时的 ::zcode-file-citation，都在那份 SKILL.md 里。只照路径调它的 recalc.py 不等于读过它——2026-08-24 那批里有一份工作簿正是这样，五项全漏。

Where the money comes from and where it goes, for one named transaction, plus what the capital structure looks like at close. The deliverable is an .xlsx workbook built with the xlsx-author conventions, recalculated before delivery, and audited before it is handed over.

Citing in the delivery note

This skill's citation vehicle is cell comments, so the workbook does not owe a ## 来源 section. But the moment the delivery note writes [n], it has promised entries — and a real run shipped eight markers with no Sources section behind them. So: either cite in prose with [n] and add ## 来源 with one entry per marker in the schema from the citation policy, or carry the citations only in cell comments and use no [n] at all. Do not mix.

The as-of label is 检索于 and nothing else. The same run emitted a retired variant of it; no paraphrase of it is acceptable.

This is a funding plan for a specific deal. It is not the Sources & Uses tab of an LBO valuation — that lives inside lbo-model in the write-research plugin, where it is an input to a returns calculation. Here it is the deliverable, and it answers to the deal team and the financing desk.

Language of the deliverable

Authoring prose here is English. The workbook's labels, the delivery message, and the coverage block follow the user's language. Provenance tags follow the deliverable — [披露] [测算] [预期] [推断] [媒体] in a Chinese workbook, [Reported] [Est.] [Consensus] [Inferred] [Media] in an English one. One style per document, never mixed.

Non-negotiables

Environment. Build with Python/openpyxl following xlsx-author. Write formula strings, never values computed in Python. Then run python3 ../xlsx-author/scripts/recalc.py "<the workbook you just wrote>" 30 (path relative to this skill's directory) before delivery.

Sources must equal uses exactly, and the identity is on the face of the sheet. Not in a cell comment, not in the delivery message, not "verified by the modeller" — a visible check row, immediately under the two totals, that reads =Sources total − Uses total and shows zero, or =Sources total = Uses total and shows TRUE. A sources-and-uses schedule whose balance you have to take on trust is not one. If it does not balance, the plug is wrong or a use is missing; find it rather than forcing the difference into "other".

Cell comments are this skill's citation vehicle (cell_comments). Every hardcoded input cell carries, written as the cell is created:

Source: <System or Document>, <Date>, <Reference>, <URL if applicable>

e.g. Source: 同花顺 iFinD 上市公司财务数据, 检索于 2026-07-25, [证券代码] 2026Q1 有息负债 or Source: 重大资产购买报告书(草案), 2026-06-18, 第五节「本次交易的 资金来源」, https://…. A calculated cell carries a formula instead — a source comment on a calculated cell means a hardcode is hiding in it.

Fees are always [测算]/[测算] unless a document states them. Advisory, financing, legal, and other transaction expenses are almost never disclosed at signing. Model them as explicit percentage-driven inputs in the assumptions block, tagged [测算]/[测算], with the basis stated. Never write a round-number fee with no comment, and never fold fees into the purchase price to make the schedule tidy.

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Step 1 — Resolve the transaction and its perimeter

Confirm before retrieving anything:

• Buyer, target, and what is actually being acquired — the whole company, a controlling stake, an asset package, or a business line. The perimeter decides whether an equity-value or an asset-purchase build is correct.
• Whether the deal is announced. Retrieve the terms if so via wind-docs.get_company_announcements; if not, every term is [测算]/[测算] and the header block says the workbook is a scenario.
• Close date assumption, because the debt and cash balances you fund against are as of a stated balance-sheet date and will move.
• Whether existing debt is refinanced, assumed, or left in place. This single choice changes the uses side more than anything else, and it is frequently left ambiguous in a draft term sheet. Ask.

Step 2 — Retrieve the balance-sheet inputs

get_stock_financials, one call per entity, for the most recent period, taking:

Item	Used for
有息负债 (and its short/long split)	The debt to be refinanced or assumed; the base for pro-forma leverage
总负债	Only where a total-liability measure is wanted; never interchange it with 有息负债
货币资金 / 现金及现金等价物	Cash available to fund, before any minimum operating cash
EBITDA components (营业利润, 折旧摊销) or a disclosed EBITDA	The leverage and coverage denominators
利息费用	Existing interest, and the coverage base
少数股东权益	An equity-to-enterprise-value bridge item

get_stock_shareholders for the share counts (总股本 for an equity-value build) and for the 实际控制人 position, which matters when part of the consideration is stock or when a shareholder rolls over.

get_stock_events for any 并购指标 already published on the deal — 备考财务数据 and 借壳上市 status, where present — and for prior issuances that changed the capital structure since the last balance sheet.

get_stock_summary or get_stock_performance for the reference share price where the purchase price is struck off market value.

Step 2.5 — 业绩承诺: contingent consideration on the uses side

Where the target is unlisted equity, retrieve the 业绩承诺与补偿安排 from wind-docs.get_company_announcements (交易预案 / 重组草案 / 问询函回复). It belongs in this schedule because it changes what the consideration is, not merely what it costs:

• A 承诺 with 股份补偿 means part of the equity consideration is returnable — the headline 对价 is an upper bound, not a settled amount. Show the disclosed 对价 as the funding requirement (that is what must actually be raised at close) and note the contingent return separately; do not net it out of the uses side, or the sources will not tie.
• A 现金补偿 obligation sits with the 承诺方, not the acquirer — it is not a source of funds at close. Never fund the deal with it.
• 减值测试补偿 is a separate, later obligation; keep it out of the close-date schedule and record it as a post-close contingency.
• Searched and none disclosed → 检索范围内未发现. Listed target or no 承诺 mechanism → 不适用, with the reason.

Step 3 — Build the uses side

Purchase price build, then the equity-to-enterprise-value bridge. State which one the deal is struck on; A-share deals are quoted both ways and conflating them is a material error.

Offer price per share × target shares (总股本)     = Equity purchase price
(+) Debt assumed or refinanced (有息负债)
(−) Cash acquired (货币资金, less minimum operating cash)
(+) Minority interest (少数股东权益)
(+) Other bridge items (preferred, pensions, off-balance-sheet, earn-out at fair value)
= Enterprise value / total transaction value

The uses schedule then reads:

Use	Notes
Equity purchase price	Or the asset-package price for an asset deal
Refinancing of existing target debt	Only what is actually being refinanced; assumed debt is not a use
Refinancing of existing acquirer debt	Where the financing is being done at the same time
Prepayment penalties / make-whole	[测算] unless the debt document states it
Advisory fees	[测算], percentage-driven
Financing fees	[测算], on the new debt quantum; usually capitalised and amortised
Legal, accounting, other transaction expenses	[测算]
Cash to balance sheet	Where the raise is deliberately oversized
Minimum cash / working-capital funding at close	State the convention

Assumed debt is not a use and not a source. It stays on the pro-forma balance sheet and appears in the capital-structure table, not in the funding schedule. Putting it in both is the most common way a sources-and-uses schedule double-counts.

Step 4 — Build the sources side

Source	Notes
Cash on hand	Buyer's cash less minimum operating cash — state the minimum as its own input, never net it silently
New debt, by tranche	Each tranche with quantum, rate, tenor, and amortisation; the rate feeds coverage
New equity issued to the public	Cross-links to capital-raise if the deal is funded by an issuance
Stock consideration to the seller	Shares issued × reference price; state the price and its date
Seller rollover	Rolled equity is a source and its holder appears in the pro-forma ownership table
Seller note / deferred consideration	Include the payment schedule in the notes
Earn-out	Only the portion recognised at close; state the basis

Name the plug. One line balances the schedule — usually the revolver draw, the sponsor/parent equity cheque, or new debt. Say which, make it a formula computed as the difference, and never make two lines plugs at once.

Step 5 — Pro-forma capital structure, leverage and coverage

A table that walks from the current structure to the pro-forma one, per tranche:

                          Current    Adjustments    Pro forma    x EBITDA    % of total cap
Cash                          …            …            …            …
Revolver (drawn)              …            …            …            …            …
Term debt / bank loans        …            …            …            …            …
Bonds                         …            …            …            …            …
Other 有息负债                 …            …            …            …            …
Total debt                    …            …            …            …            …
Net debt                      …            …            …            …            …
Equity (market or book — say which)                     …                         …
Total capitalisation                                    …                        100%

Then the credit metrics, each with its definition on the sheet:

• Total debt / EBITDA and net debt / EBITDA — state whether EBITDA is LTM, pro-forma for synergies, or pro-forma before synergies. A leverage multiple whose EBITDA definition is unstated is not a number, and synergy-adjusted leverage is [测算]/[测算] and must be shown alongside the unadjusted figure.
• EBITDA / interest and (EBITDA − capex) / interest.
• 资产负债率 on the pro-forma balance sheet, with its 口径 named.
• Any leverage covenant headroom only where a retrieved document states the covenant; otherwise the row is an open item, not a number recalled from memory.

Step 6 — Ownership after close, where the consideration includes stock

Pull the pre-deal top-ten holders and the 实际控制人 from get_stock_shareholders, add the shares issued as consideration and any rollover, and show pre- and post-deal percentages side by side. Flag explicitly if the 计算结果 moves the 实际控制人 below a controlling position — flag it as an arithmetic consequence requiring confirmation against the current rules and the company's own disclosure, not as a legal conclusion, and never assert a specific control threshold from memory.

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Workbook structure

Sheet	Contents
Inputs	Retrieved balance-sheet items, share counts, market data; every cell blue with a Source: comment
Assumptions	Fee percentages, financing rates and tenors, minimum cash, refinance-vs-assume elections, EBITDA basis — each tagged with its class and basis
Sources & Uses	The purchase-price build, the EV bridge, the two schedules side by side, the plug, and the balance check row
Pro Forma Cap	Current → adjustments → pro-forma capital structure, leverage and coverage, pro-forma ownership
Checks	Every identity as a visible TRUE/FALSE or zero-difference row

The Checks sheet asserts, at minimum:

• Total sources − total uses = 0. This one is also repeated on the face of the Sources & Uses sheet.
• Equity purchase price = offer price × shares, on the named share count.
• EV bridge: equity value + debt − cash + minority + other = enterprise value.
• Pro-forma debt = current debt + new debt − refinanced debt (assumed debt unchanged).
• Pro-forma cash = current cash − cash used + cash to balance sheet.
• Each leverage multiple = its numerator / its stated EBITDA line.
• Consideration mix percentages sum to 100%.

Formatting

Per the house formatting policy:

• Font colours — four. Blue #0000FF input · black formula · green #008000 cross-sheet link · purple #800080 same-sheet link with no calculation.
• Fills — 3 blues and a grey. #1F4E79 header (white bold) · #BDD7EE grouping band and key outputs · #D9E1F2 input block · #F2F2F2 neutral.
• Borders mandatory and meaningful: 1.5pt above section headers, 1.0pt under subtotals, 0.5pt interior grid, double rule under the sources and uses grand totals — that is exactly what the double rule is for.
• Numbers right-aligned, text left-aligned. Currency #,##0;(#,##0);"-", multiples 0.0"x", percentages 0.0%. Unit and currency in the header, never only in prose, and never 万元 and 亿元 in one column.

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Common errors in this schedule specifically

Error	What goes wrong	Fix
Assumed debt counted as both source and use	Schedule balances at an inflated size	Assumed debt appears only in the pro-forma capital structure
Balance asserted in prose	Reader cannot see it, and it is often untrue	A visible check row on the sheet
Two plugs	The schedule always balances and hides errors	Exactly one plug, computed as a difference
Fees omitted or netted into price	Understates the funding need	Explicit fee lines, percentage-driven, tagged [测算]
All cash on the balance sheet treated as available	Leaves the business with no operating cash	A stated minimum-cash input
有息负债 and 总负债 interchanged	Leverage overstated, sometimes hugely	Name the 口径 on every debt line
EBITDA basis unstated	Leverage cannot be compared with anything	Say LTM / pro-forma / synergy-adjusted, and show unadjusted alongside
Refinancing penalty forgotten	Funding need too small	An explicit line, [测算] unless documented
Equity value and enterprise value conflated	The whole schedule is the wrong size	An explicit bridge, with every item
Covenant headroom from memory	An invented threshold in a financing document	Only from a retrieved document; otherwise an open item

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Verification before delivery

1. Recalc. python3 ../xlsx-author/scripts/recalc.py "<the workbook you just wrote>" 30. Exit 0 clean · 2 fix and re-run · 3 recalc_unavailable is NOT a pass — no formula was evaluated; run xlsx-author's substitute protocol (reference check, independent recompute in Python, assert the identities above) and record it in the coverage block · 1 hard failure.
2. Audit. Apply the model-scope audit conventions from the audit-xls skill (it ships with the write-research plugin; work its checklist by hand if it is not loaded). Its sources = uses, exactly identity and its merger-specific bug list — transaction fees not in sources and uses, fees not deducted from day-one equity — are this schedule's failure modes.
3. Colour and comment sweep. Every blue cell has a Source: comment; no calculated cell has one.
4. Identity sweep. Every row on Checks passes, and the on-sheet balance row reads zero.
5. Sanity. Pro-forma leverage plausible for the sector, no negative pro-forma cash, no error values anywhere.

Delivery — the coverage block

Close the delivery message with this block, verbatim heading — ## 覆盖范围与局限 for a Chinese deliverable, ## 覆盖范围与局限 for an English one — even when everything passed.

## 覆盖范围与局限
检索于 / Retrieved: <timestamp>

- Balance-sheet inputs retrieved: <which items, which 报告期, which entity, from which
  tool — e.g. target 有息负债 and 货币资金 as of 2026-03-31 via hexin-stock
  get_stock_financials>
- Deal terms — announced: <purchase price, consideration mix, financing arrangements
  taken from an announcement, each with document and date> [披露]/[披露]
- Deal terms — assumed: <fees, financing rates and tenors, minimum cash, refinance
  elections, close date, EBITDA basis — each also [测算]/[测算] in its cell comment
  and in the assumptions block> [测算]/[测算]
- Deal terms — media only, uncorroborated: <or 检索范围内未发现> [媒体]/[媒体]
- Balance check: sources − uses = 0, asserted on the face of the Sources & Uses sheet
  and on Checks
- Formula evaluation: <one of> recalc.py evaluated all N formulas via LibreOffice,
  zero errors (exit 0) / recalc.py could NOT evaluate the formulas (exit 3,
  LibreOffice unavailable) — only a static lint plus the openpyxl
  reference/recompute/identity checks ran; the model is NOT verified and the user
  should confirm the numbers on open
- 本次未能覆盖 / Not covered: <e.g. covenant terms — the financing documents were not
  retrieved, so no covenant headroom is shown; 源不可用 for any tool that failed>
- 数据滞后性 / Known lag: <the balance sheet is as of 报告期 X and will have moved by
  close>

检索范围内未发现 means the source was queried and returned nothing; 源不可用 means it could not be queried. Neither is rendered as an absence of the thing itself. recalc_unavailable is not a pass, and this workbook is never described as verified without formula evaluation.

This schedule stages a funding plan for the deal team. It does not opine on whether the deal should be done, does not commit financing, and does not set a price.