zip-forensics

name

zip-forensics

description

Forensic analysis, repair, and password cracking of ZIP files and APKs. Use this skill whenever the user mentions ZIP files, APK analysis, password-protected archives, corrupted archives, zip bombs, anti-reversing techniques, or any task involving ZIP file forensics, malware analysis, or archive triage. This includes diagnosing why a ZIP won't extract, repairing corrupted archives, cracking passwords, detecting malicious ZIP tricks (fake encryption, overlapping entries, concatenated directories), and analyzing APK anti-reversing obfuscation.

ZIP Forensics Skill

A comprehensive toolkit for forensic analysis, repair, and password cracking of ZIP files and Android APKs. This skill covers everything from basic ZIP utilities to advanced anti-reversing detection and malicious ZIP trick identification.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when the user needs to:

• Diagnose why a ZIP file won't decompress or extract
• Repair corrupted ZIP files
• Crack password-protected ZIP files
• Analyze APK files for anti-reversing tricks
• Detect malicious ZIP techniques (fake encryption, overlapping entries, concatenated directories)
• Perform ZIP file forensics or malware analysis
• Inspect ZIP file structure and metadata

Core ZIP Utilities

Basic Inspection Tools

# List contents without extracting
zipinfo file.zip

# Detailed format analysis (requires zipdetails from Archive::Zip)
zipdetails -v file.zip

# Try to repair corrupted ZIP
zip -F input.zip --out output.zip      # First pass
zip -FF input.zip --out output.zip     # Second pass (more aggressive)

Password Cracking

fcrackzip - Brute-force tool effective for passwords up to ~7 characters:

# Brute force all combinations
fcrackzip -v -D -p abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789 file.zip

# Dictionary attack
fcrackzip -v -D -p /path/to/wordlist.txt file.zip

# Known-plaintext attack (if you have an unencrypted copy of a file inside)
fcrackzip -u -D -p wordlist.txt -f known_file.txt file.zip

Important Security Notes:

• Password-protected ZIP files do not encrypt filenames or file sizes - this is a security flaw
• ZIP files using ZipCrypto are vulnerable to plaintext attacks if an unencrypted copy exists
• AES-256 encrypted ZIP files are immune to plaintext attacks
• RAR and 7z encrypt filenames and sizes, making them more secure

APK Anti-Reversing Detection

Modern Android malware uses malformed ZIP metadata to break static analysis tools (jadx, apktool, unzip) while remaining installable on-device.

1. Fake Encryption (GPBF Bit 0)

Symptoms:

• jadx-gui fails with ZipException: invalid CEN header (encrypted entry)
• unzip prompts for passwords on core APK files (classes*.dex, AndroidManifest.xml, resources.arsc)
• APK installs and runs on-device despite appearing encrypted

Detection:

zipdetails -v sample.apk | grep -A5 "General Purpose Flag"

Look for bit 0 (Encryption) set on core entries. A telltale value:

General Purpose Flag  0A09
  [Bit 0]   1 'Encryption'

Fix: Clear GPBF bit 0 using the bundled script:

python3 scripts/gpbf_clear.py obfuscated.apk normalized.apk

Then verify:

zipdetails -v normalized.apk | grep -A2 "General Purpose Flag"
# Should show: General Purpose Flag  0000

2. Large/Custom Extra Fields

Attackers embed oversized Extra fields with custom IDs (e.g., 0xCAFE, 0x414A with markers like JADXBLOCK) to confuse parsers.

Detection:

zipdetails -v sample.apk | sed -n '/Extra ID/,+4p' | head -n 50

Heuristics:

• Alert when Extra fields are unusually large on core entries
• Treat unknown Extra IDs on classes*.dex, AndroidManifest.xml, resources.arsc as suspicious

Mitigation: Rebuild the archive after clearing GPBF:

mkdir /tmp/apk
unzip -qq normalized.apk -d /tmp/apk
(cd /tmp/apk && zip -qr ../clean.apk .)

3. File/Directory Name Collisions

A ZIP can contain both X (file) and X/ (directory). Some extractors get confused and hide the real file.

Detection:

# List potential collisions
zipinfo -1 sample.apk | awk '{n=$0; sub(/\/$/,"",n); print n}' | sort | uniq -d

# Or use the bundled script
python3 scripts/detect_collisions.py normalized.apk

Safe Extraction:

unzip normalized.apk -d outdir
# When prompted for conflicts, choose [r]ename
# replace outdir/classes.dex? [y]es/[n]o/[A]ll/[N]one/[r]ename: r
# new name: unk_classes.dex

Malicious ZIP Tricks (2024-2025)

Concatenated Central Directories

Phishing campaigns ship a single blob containing two ZIP files concatenated. Each has its own End of Central Directory (EOCD). Different extractors parse different directories (7zip reads first, WinRAR reads last), hiding payloads from some tools.

Detection:

# Count EOCD signatures
binwalk -R "PK\x05\x06" suspect.zip

# Dump central-directory offsets
zipdetails -v suspect.zip | grep -n "End Central"

If multiple EOCDs appear or "data after payload" warnings exist, split and inspect:

# Extract second archive (adjust OFF based on binwalk output)
OFF=123456
dd if=suspect.zip bs=1 skip=$OFF of=tail.zip
7z l tail.zip   # List hidden content

Overlapping Entry Bombs

Modern zip bombs reuse a highly compressed kernel via overlapping local headers. Every central directory entry points to the same compressed data, achieving >28M:1 ratios.

Detection:

# Use bundled script
python3 scripts/detect_overlaps.py suspect.zip

# Or manual check
zipdetails -v file.zip | grep -n "Rel Off"
# Offsets should be strictly increasing and unique

Safe Handling:

• Perform dry-run walk before extraction
• Cap total uncompressed size and entry count
• Extract inside cgroup/VM with CPU+disk limits

Blue-Team Detection Rules

Flag APKs/ZIPs that exhibit:

1. Local headers mark encryption (GPBF bit 0 = 1) yet install/run
2. Large/unknown Extra fields on core entries (look for markers like JADXBLOCK)
3. Path collisions (X and X/) for AndroidManifest.xml, resources.arsc, classes*.dex
4. Multiple EOCD signatures in a single file
5. Duplicate relative offsets in central directory entries

Workflow Recommendations

For Corrupted ZIP Files

1. Try zip -F first, then zip -FF if needed
2. Use zipdetails -v to understand the corruption
3. Check for concatenated directories with binwalk

For Password-Protected ZIPs

1. Check encryption method (ZipCrypto vs AES-256)
2. If ZipCrypto and you have a known plaintext file, use known-plaintext attack
3. Otherwise, use fcrackzip with dictionary or brute-force
4. Note: AES-256 requires different tools (hashcat, john)

For APK Analysis

1. First check for fake encryption with zipdetails -v
2. Clear GPBF bit 0 if needed using gpbf_clear.py
3. Check for Extra field anomalies
4. Check for name collisions
5. Rebuild clean archive if needed
6. Then proceed with jadx/apktool

For Suspicious ZIPs

1. Check for multiple EOCDs (concatenated directories)
2. Check for overlapping entries (zip bombs)
3. Inspect Extra fields for custom markers
4. Never extract unbounded - use limits

References

• ZIP File Format Specification (PKWARE APPNOTE.TXT)
• fcrackzip GitHub
• Known-Plaintext Attack on ZIP
• ZIP Attacks Academic Paper
• GodFather APK Anti-Reversing
• Concatenated ZIP Attack
• Zip Bomb Construction