alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools

name

alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools

description

SSL certificate toolkit for Alibaba Cloud CAS. Includes identity configuration, domain verification, certificate download, certificate upload, CSR generation, format conversion, and certificate matching. Activate when user says "verify domain", "download certificate", "upload certificate", "generate CSR", "convert certificate format", "configure identity", "match certificate", "check key cert match", "验证域名", "下载证书", "上传证书", "生成 CSR", "转换证书格式", "配置身份", "检查证书匹配", "是否匹配", "是不是一对".

SSL Certificate Toolkit

Unified toolkit for Alibaba Cloud CAS SSL certificate lifecycle management. Covers identity configuration, domain verification, certificate download/upload, CSR generation, format conversion, and certificate matching.

Architecture: CAS API + STS Identity + Alidns DNS + OpenSSL local tools + Shell scripts

Triggers

English	Chinese	Section	Status
"configure identity", "set credentials"	"配置身份"	Identity Resolver	✅ Active
"verify domain", "DNS verification"	"验证域名"	Domain Verify	✅ Active
"download certificate", "export certificate"	"下载证书"	Certificate Download	✅ Active
"upload certificate", "import third-party cert"	"上传证书"	Certificate Upload	✅ Active
"generate CSR", "create certificate request"	"生成 CSR"	CSR Generation	✅ Active
"convert format", "PEM to PFX"	"转换格式"	Format Conversion	✅ Active
"match certificate", "check key cert match", "key mismatch", "check if they match", "are they a pair"	"证书匹配", "检查密钥匹配", "不匹配", "是否匹配", "是不是一对", "是否不匹配", "是不是配套"	Certificate Matching	✅ Active

[MUST] Intent Clarification: If user input does NOT match any trigger keyword above, or is too vague (e.g., "帮我处理一下ram", "配置证书", "搞一下SSL"), STOP immediately. Ask the user to clarify which specific operation they need (configure identity / verify domain / download / upload / CSR / format conversion / matching). Do NOT call any CAS, RAM, STS, or Alidns API until the user provides a clear intent. [MUST] HITL Blocking: When any instruction requires asking the user (clarification, name conflict, parameter confirmation), you MUST halt ALL subsequent actions and WAIT for the user's explicit reply. Never auto-advance, auto-retry, assume consent, or proceed to the next step without receiving a non-empty user response. An empty, blank, or silent user response is NOT consent — re-prompt with the exact same question and continue waiting; never treat emptiness as a signal to auto-retry (e.g., re-issuing upload-user-certificate with a different name). You are strictly FORBIDDEN from calling upload-user-certificate or any retry API until a non-empty, explicit user reply is received.

Installation

Pre-check: Aliyun CLI >= 3.3.3 required

[MUST] Verify: aliyun version — must be >= 3.3.3.

• First install or major upgrade: Follow the verified steps in references/cli-installation-guide.md — download the installer first, review/verify its content, then execute the local copy. Never pipe remote content directly into a shell.
• Routine update (CLI >= 3.3.5): aliyun upgrade — prefer this built-in self-update over re-running the install script.

Pre-check: Aliyun CLI plugin update required

[MUST] run aliyun configure set --auto-plugin-install true to enable automatic plugin installation. [MUST] run aliyun plugin update to ensure that any existing plugins are always up-to-date.

Local tools:

Tool	Required	Used By
openssl	Required	Format conversion, modulus check, chain split, CSR generation
keytool (Java JDK/JRE)	Required for JKS	scripts/convert-format.sh (pem-to-jks / jks-to-pem)

Install: macOS brew install openssl openjdk / Linux apt install openssl default-jdk

Environment Variables

Variable	Source	Purpose
$ALIYUN_CMD	Identity Resolver	Full path to aliyun CLI
$CERT_PROFILE	Identity Resolver	Credential profile for all API operations
$CERT_REGION	Identity Resolver	Region (default cn-hangzhou)
$CERT_INSTANCE_ID	Purchase / Domain Verify	Certificate instance ID
$CERT_CERT_ID	Domain Verify / Upload	Certificate ID (numeric)
$CERT_DOMAIN	User input or upstream	Target domain

Authentication

Pre-check: Alibaba Cloud Credentials Required

Security Rules:

• NEVER read, echo, or print AK/SK values (e.g., echo $ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID is FORBIDDEN)
• NEVER ask the user to input AK/SK directly in the conversation or command line
• NEVER use aliyun configure set with literal credential values
• ONLY use aliyun configure list to check credential status

aliyun configure list

Check the output for a valid profile (AK, STS, or OAuth identity).

If no valid profile exists, STOP here.

1. Obtain credentials from Alibaba Cloud Console
2. Configure credentials outside of this session (via aliyun configure in terminal or environment variables in shell profile)
3. Return and re-run after aliyun configure list shows a valid profile

After credentials are verified, the Identity Resolver in Core Workflow handles full profile detection, identity verification, and branch configuration.

RAM Policy

Product	Key Actions	Coverage
CAS	ListInstances, GetInstanceDetail, UploadUserCertificate, GetTaskAttribute	Certificate CRUD
RAM	GetRole, CreateRole, AttachPolicyToRole	Role auto-configuration
Alidns	AddDomainRecord, DescribeDomainRecords	DNS verification
STS	GetCallerIdentity	Identity verification

Recommended (least privilege): use the fine-grained custom policy in references/ram-policies.md. The system policies AliyunYundunCertFullAccess / AliyunDNSFullAccess grant broad cas:* / alidns:* access — accept them only as a quick-trial convenience, never for production.

[MUST] Permission Failure Handling: When any command or API call fails due to permission errors at any point during execution, follow this process:

1. Read references/ram-policies.md to get the full list of permissions required by this SKILL
2. Use ram-permission-diagnose skill to guide the user through requesting the necessary permissions
3. Pause and wait until the user confirms that the required permissions have been granted

Full RAM policy JSON and fine-grained custom policy in references/ram-policies.md.

Parameter Confirmation

IMPORTANT: Parameter Confirmation — Before executing any command or API call, ALL user-customizable parameters (RegionId, instance names, passwords, domain names, etc.) MUST be confirmed with the user. Do NOT assume or use default values without explicit user approval. [MUST] Payment parameters (ProductCode, PurchaseStatus): Always confirm verbally with user before any paid operation. Display exact parameter names and ask user to provide values. NEVER assume or derive defaults for payment parameters.

Parameter	Required	Description	Default
RegionId	Required	Alibaba Cloud region	cn-hangzhou
InstanceId	Required	CAS certificate instance ID	User must provide
Domain	Required	Target domain name	User must provide
Certificate Name	Required (upload)	Unique name for uploaded cert	User must provide
Output Directory	Optional	Directory for output files	/tmp/cert-output
Password	Required (PFX/JKS)	Export password for PFX/JKS	MUST ask user
Key Algorithm	Optional	RSA-2048 or ECC P-256	RSA-2048
Profile Name	Optional	CLI credential profile name	cert-operator

[MUST] If user specifies a profile name, it MUST be used exactly. Auto-fallback to default or other profiles is FORBIDDEN without explicit user approval.

Forbidden CLI Parameters

[FORBIDDEN] NEVER include the following in any aliyun cas command:

• --product-name (any value) — not a valid CAS API parameter; its presence indicates incorrect command construction
• --product-code as CLI flag — ProductCode is a verbal confirmation parameter, not a CLI flag

Observability (MUST follow for every aliyun command)

Upon loading this skill, generate a random session ID (32-char lowercase hex string) once for the entire session. Use it as {session-id} below.

Rule: Every aliyun CLI command that calls a cloud API MUST include the --user-agent flag. Local utility commands (e.g. configure, plugin, version) do not support this flag and should be excluded.

--user-agent AlibabaCloud-Agent-Skills/alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools/{session-id}

Example: aliyun cas list-instances --current-page 1 --show-size 10 --user-agent AlibabaCloud-Agent-Skills/alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools/{session-id}

Script execution: Inject the session-id via inline environment variable:

SKILL_SESSION_ID={session-id} bash scripts/split-chain.sh fullchain.pem /output

Core Workflow

[MUST] Entry Gate — Intent First: Before entering ANY subsection below, confirm user intent matches a specific Trigger (§ Triggers table). If input is vague (e.g., "帮我处理一下ram", "配置证书", "搞一下SSL"), STOP — ZERO API calls (no STS, RAM, CAS, Alidns). Ask which operation the user needs. Do NOT generate execution plans or invoke any cloud API until intent is explicit.

CAS Dual API Systems

CAS has two interface systems. Always prefer the new API:

Dimension	Old API (PascalCase)	New API (kebab-case)
Instance list	ListUserCertificateOrder	list-instances
Instance details	GetUserCertificateDetail (CertId, numeric)	get-instance-detail (InstanceId, string)
Coverage	Only old-format cas-ivauto-xxxxx	Both old and new formats

Scripts

Script	Usage
scripts/split-chain.sh	./split-chain.sh <fullchain.pem> <output_dir>
scripts/convert-format.sh	./convert-format.sh <command> [options]
scripts/modulus-check.sh	./modulus-check.sh <type> <file1> <file2> [file3]

Domain Pre-check

When user provides a domain but intent is unclear:

aliyun cas list-instances --profile $CERT_PROFILE --region $CERT_REGION --user-agent AlibabaCloud-Agent-Skills/alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools/{session-id} \
  --keyword "{{domain}}" --current-page 1 --show-size 100

[MUST] Domain matching: When user provides a domain for upload or deployment without an InstanceId, always run the above list-instances --keyword first to verify domain coverage. Skip this step if user already provided an InstanceId.

Instance Status	Suggested Route
issued and not expired	Deploy or Download
Only inactive instances	Continue application via Purchase
No matching instances	Purchase new certificate

---

Identity Resolver

Auto-detect runtime environment and configure credentials. See references/identity-resolver-commands.md for detailed CLI detection and role creation commands.

Step 1: Detect Credentials — Check in order:

1. Environment variables ($ALIBABA_CLOUD_ACCESS_KEY_ID) → Create temp profile
2. Local CLI profile ($ALIYUN_CMD configure list) → Use existing profile
3. None found → Enter Step 3

Step 2: Verify Identity

$ALIYUN_CMD sts get-caller-identity --profile {{profile_name}} --user-agent AlibabaCloud-Agent-Skills/alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools/{session-id}

• AccountId returned → Identity confirmed. If first-time Branch A → Step 3.5
• Error → Enter Step 3

Step 3: Branch Configuration

Condition	Branch
$ALIBABA_CLOUD_SERVICE_ACCESS_KEY_ID set + AccountId available	Branch B: Role Assumption
Service AK not set	Branch A: Local Profile
Service AK set but no AccountId	Ask user for AccountId

Branch A: $ALIYUN_CMD configure --profile cert-operator Branch B: $ALIYUN_CMD configure --profile cert-operator --mode RamRoleArn (auto-fill from service AK + acs:ram::{{account_id}}:role/cert-operator)

Step 3.5: Role Auto-Configuration (First Branch A Only) — Offer to create cert-operator role with trust policy for aideepsign.aliyuncs.com and attach AliyunYundunCertFullAccess, AliyunDNSFullAccess. Full commands in references/identity-resolver-commands.md.

[FORBIDDEN] If the requested profile (e.g., cert-operator) does not exist, you MUST NOT silently fall back to any other profile (including default). STOP and inform the user that the specified profile is missing. Offer to create the profile or ask the user for an alternative. Do NOT proceed with API calls until a valid, explicitly confirmed profile is set.

Step 4: Verify CAS Access

$ALIYUN_CMD cas list-instances --profile {{profile_name}} --region cn-hangzhou --current-page 1 --show-size 1 --user-agent AlibabaCloud-Agent-Skills/alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools/{session-id}

Step 5: Output

export ALIYUN_CMD="{{aliyun_path}}"
export CERT_PROFILE="{{profile_name}}"
export CERT_ACCOUNT_ID="{{account_id}}"
export CERT_REGION="{{region}}"

---

Domain Verify

Domain verification helper. See references/domain-verify-commands.md for detailed API fields and DNS/HTTP commands.

Step 1: Locate Instance

• Has InstanceId → aliyun cas get-instance-detail --instance-id "{{id}}"
• Has domain only → aliyun cas list-instances --keyword "{{domain}}" → Extract InstanceId
• Neither → Ask user

Step 2: Query Status

aliyun cas get-instance-detail --profile $CERT_PROFILE --region $CERT_REGION --instance-id "{{id}}" --user-agent AlibabaCloud-Agent-Skills/alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools/{session-id}

Status	Action
CertificateStatus = issued	Done — extract CertId
checking / pending	Continue to Step 3
failed / closed	Show error

Step 3: Execute Verification — Find ValidationMethod in response:

• DNS: Extract DnsHost + DnsValue. If Alibaba Cloud DNS, auto-add via aliyun alidns add-domain-record; otherwise provide manual TXT record guidance.
• HTTP: Extract FilePath + FileContent. Guide user to create file at web server root, or auto-upload via SSH/SCP.

Step 4: Poll Result — Poll get-instance-detail every 30-60s until CertificateStatus → issued or timeout (>30 min).

Step 5: Output

export CERT_CERT_ID="{{cert_id}}"
export CERT_DOMAIN="{{domain}}"
export CERT_STATUS="verified"

---

Certificate Download

Query issuance status, extract certificate content, split chain, convert format, verify integrity.

Step 1: Query Issuance

aliyun cas get-instance-detail --profile $CERT_PROFILE --region $CERT_REGION --instance-id "{{id}}" --user-agent AlibabaCloud-Agent-Skills/alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools/{session-id}

Must have CertificateStatus = issued before proceeding.

Step 2: Extract Certificate Content — Parse Cert (server PEM) and Key (private key PEM) from response. Write to secure temp directory:

CERT_TMPDIR=$(mktemp -d /tmp/cert-XXXXXX)
chmod 700 "$CERT_TMPDIR"
echo "{{cert_content}}" > "$CERT_TMPDIR/server.pem"
echo "{{key_content}}" > "$CERT_TMPDIR/server.key"
chmod 600 "$CERT_TMPDIR/server.key"

Step 3: Split Chain

bash scripts/split-chain.sh "$CERT_TMPDIR/server.pem" "{{output_dir}}"

Outputs: server_only.pem, chain.pem, fullchain.pem.

Step 4: Convert Format (if needed) — Default is Nginx PEM. For other formats:

[MUST] Before running convert-format.sh pem-to-pfx or pem-to-jks, ask the user for the export password via ask_user_question. [NEVER] hardcode, auto-generate, or assume a default password.

# PFX (for IIS/Windows)
bash scripts/convert-format.sh pem-to-pfx "{{output_dir}}/server_only.pem" "{{output_dir}}/server.key" "{{output_dir}}/{{domain}}.pfx" "{{output_dir}}/chain.pem" "{{password}}"

# JKS (for Tomcat)
bash scripts/convert-format.sh pem-to-jks "{{output_dir}}/server_only.pem" "{{output_dir}}/server.key" "{{output_dir}}/{{domain}}.jks" myalias "{{password}}"

# DER
bash scripts/convert-format.sh pem-to-der "{{output_dir}}/server_only.pem" "{{output_dir}}/{{domain}}.crt"

For Nginx: cp "{{output_dir}}/fullchain.pem" "{{output_dir}}/{{domain}}.fullchain.pem" and cp "{{output_dir}}/server.key" "{{output_dir}}/{{domain}}.key"

[MUST] Before deploying, verify key-cert match using bash scripts/modulus-check.sh key-cert. [NEVER] use inline openssl modulus commands for this verification.

Step 6: Output

export CERT_CERT_ID="{{cert_id}}"
export CERT_PATH="{{output_dir}}/{{domain}}.fullchain.pem"
export CERT_KEY="{{output_dir}}/{{domain}}.key"

---

Certificate Upload

Upload third-party certificates (PEM/PFX/SM2) to Alibaba Cloud CAS.

Step 1: Read and Parse Certificate

• PEM: Read cert and key files directly.
• PFX: Extract first: bash scripts/convert-format.sh pfx-to-pem "{{cert.pfx}}" /tmp/cert-upload "{{password}}"

Parse certificate info: openssl x509 -in "{{cert_file}}" -text -noout | grep -E "Subject:|Issuer:|Not Before:|Not After:"

Verify key matches: bash scripts/modulus-check.sh key-cert "{{key_file}}" "{{cert_file}}"

Step 2: Upload

aliyun cas upload-user-certificate --profile $CERT_PROFILE --region $CERT_REGION --user-agent AlibabaCloud-Agent-Skills/alibabacloud-cas-ssl-common-tools/{session-id} \
  --Name "{{cert_name}}" --Cert "$(cat {{cert_file}})" --Key "$(cat {{key_file}})"

Name must be unique. Check first: aliyun cas list-instances --keyword "{{cert_name}}"

[MUST] Name Conflict HITL: If the upload returns NameAlreadyExist or NameRepeat, STOP and ask the user to confirm a new certificate name. Suggest alternatives (e.g., append -02, -backup, or date suffix). Do NOT auto-retry with a modified name without explicit user approval. WAIT for the user's explicit reply before any retry. [MUST NOT] NEVER auto-retry upload-user-certificate with any system-generated or AI-derived name. After a name conflict, STOP immediately and WAIT for user input. Only proceed with a retry AFTER receiving the user's explicit new name in a non-empty reply — auto-retry without user input is strictly prohibited.

Success: {"CertId": 12345}

Step 3: Output

export CERT_CERT_ID="{{cert_id}}"
export CERT_DOMAIN="{{common_name}}"

[MUST] Final Answer Verification (Upload): Before outputting the final summary for any upload operation, cross-check Certificate Name, CertId, and Domain against the most recent API response JSON. Fix any character-level discrepancies (truncation, digit transposition, missing zeros). NEVER generate the summary from memory.

---

CSR Generation

Generate and inspect Certificate Signing Requests. Supports RSA/ECC, single/multi-domain/wildcard.

Single domain (RSA-2048):

openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout "{{domain}}.key" -out "{{domain}}.csr" -subj "/CN={{domain}}"

Multi-domain SAN: Create san.cnf config with [alt_names] section, then:

openssl req -new -newkey rsa:2048 -nodes -keyout "{{domain}}.key" -out "{{domain}}.csr" -config san.cnf -extensions v3_req

Wildcard: Same as single domain with CN=*.example.com.

ECC (P-256):

openssl ecparam -genkey -name prime256v1 -out "{{domain}}.key"
openssl req -new -key "{{domain}}.key" -out "{{domain}}.csr" -subj "/CN={{domain}}"

Inspect CSR: openssl req -in "{{csr_file}}" -text -noout

---

Format Conversion

All conversions use scripts/convert-format.sh. Available commands:

Command	Usage
pem-to-pfx	<cert.pem> <key.pem> <output.pfx> [chain.pem] [password]
pfx-to-pem	<input.pfx> <output_prefix> [password]
pem-to-jks	<cert.pem> <key.pem> <output.jks> [alias] [password]
jks-to-pem	<input.jks> <output_prefix> [jks_pass] [pem_pass]
pem-to-der	<cert.pem> <output.der>
der-to-pem	<input.der> <output.pem>
pfx-to-jks	<input.pfx> <output.jks> [pfx_pass] [jks_pass] [alias]

Example: bash scripts/convert-format.sh pfx-to-pem cert.pfx /output/cert "mypassword" → /output/cert.crt + /output/cert.key

---

Certificate Matching

Verify key/cert/CSR matching, chain integrity, and domain coverage.

[MUST] Use scripts/modulus-check.sh for ALL key/cert/CSR matching verification. [NEVER] substitute with inline openssl x509 -modulus, openssl rsa -modulus, or any equivalent inline command.

bash scripts/modulus-check.sh key-cert "{{key.pem}}" "{{cert.pem}}"
bash scripts/modulus-check.sh key-csr "{{key.pem}}" "{{csr.pem}}"
bash scripts/modulus-check.sh all "{{key.pem}}" "{{cert.pem}}" "{{csr.pem}}"
bash scripts/split-chain.sh fullchain.pem /tmp/cert-verify
openssl x509 -in "{{cert}}" -text -noout | awk '/X509v3 Subject Alternative Name/{getline; print}'
openssl x509 -in "{{cert}}" -noout -dates

---

Revoke and Delete — DISABLED

This feature is currently disabled. API execution is not permitted. Redirect to console: https://yundun.console.aliyun.com/?p=cas

---

Orchestration Logic

This skill is a toolkit — the Agent routes to specific sub-sections based on user intent. Entry points are dynamic:

Entry Point	Trigger	Call Order
Identity Resolver	First-time / no $CERT_PROFILE	Detect → Resolve → output env vars
Domain Verify	After purchase or standalone	Query → Validate → Execute → Poll
Certificate Download	Cert issued	Query → Download → Split chain
Certificate Upload	Third-party cert	Upload → output $CERT_CERT_ID
CSR Generation	Before purchase	Generate CSR → output CSR file
Format Conversion	User has cert files	Run convert-format.sh
Certificate Matching	Troubleshooting	Run modulus-check.sh → report

Upstream: alibabacloud-cas-ssl-cert-purchase (provides $CERT_INSTANCE_ID, $CERT_DOMAIN) | Downstream: alibabacloud-cas-ssl-cert-deploy (uses $CERT_CERT_ID)

Success Verification Method

Function	Verification Command	Success Indicator
Identity Resolver	aliyun sts get-caller-identity	AccountId returned
Domain Verify	get-instance-detail → CertificateStatus	Equals issued
Certificate Download	openssl verify -CAfile chain.pem server_only.pem	Outputs OK
Certificate Upload	Upload API response	CertId returned
CSR Generation	openssl req -in <csr> -text -noout	Correct Subject/SAN
Format Conversion	Parse output file with openssl/keytool	Valid certificate data
Certificate Matching	scripts/modulus-check.sh	Reports MATCH

Cleanup

# [MUST] Validate CERT_TMPDIR matches the /tmp/cert-* mktemp pattern — never rm -rf an unvalidated variable.
case "${CERT_TMPDIR:-}" in
  /tmp/cert-?*) rm -rf "$CERT_TMPDIR" ;;
  *) echo "Skipped: CERT_TMPDIR is unset or not an expected /tmp/cert-* path" ;;
esac
rm -rf /tmp/cert-*.pfx /tmp/cert-output /tmp/cert-verify /tmp/cert-upload
unset CERT_PROFILE CERT_REGION CERT_INSTANCE_ID CERT_CERT_ID CERT_DOMAIN CERT_SESSION_ID CERT_TMPDIR

Security: Never leave private key files in world-readable locations. Always clean up temp files containing private keys after use.

Command Tables

Key commands (full list in references/related-commands.md): list-instances, get-instance-detail, upload-user-certificate, add-domain-record, get-caller-identity, plus scripts/ utilities.

Best Practices

1. Always prefer new CAS API (kebab-case list-instances) over old API (PascalCase ListUserCertificateOrder)
2. [MUST] Use scripts/ for deterministic operations — [NEVER] rewrite format conversion, modulus check, or chain split inline (no openssl x509 -modulus, no manual openssl pkcs12, etc.)
3. [MUST] Always verify key-cert match before uploading — run bash scripts/modulus-check.sh key-cert, [NEVER] skip or use inline alternatives
4. Split certificate chain before deploying to CDN/SLB (many services require separate server cert and chain)
5. Use --user-agent on every aliyun API command for observability
6. Never print or log private key content — treat all .key files as secrets
7. Prefer ECC P-256 over RSA-2048 for new certificates (smaller, faster, equivalent security)
8. Confirm all parameters with user before execution
9. Use RAM roles (Branch B) over direct AK/SK (Branch A) for production environments

Reference Links

Reference	Description
references/cli-installation-guide.md	Full CLI installation and configuration guide
references/identity-resolver-commands.md	Identity detection, role creation, and trust policy commands
references/domain-verify-commands.md	DNS/HTTP verification API fields and commands
references/cert-download-commands.md	Certificate download API fields and chain split details
references/cert-upload-commands.md	Certificate upload API parameters and error codes
references/ram-policies.md	RAM permission policies and fine-grained custom policy JSON
references/related-commands.md	Consolidated CLI command reference table
references/verification-method.md	Detailed success verification steps per toolkit function

Error Handling

Scenario	Resolution
$CERT_PROFILE not set	Run Identity Resolver
$ALIYUN_CMD not set	Run Identity Resolver
InvalidInstanceId.NotFound	Check InstanceId format
Forbidden.RAM	Add AliyunYundunCertFullAccess — see RAM Policy section
NameAlreadyExist (upload)	Use different certificate name
KeyNotMatchCert (upload)	Run scripts/modulus-check.sh key-cert
Cert field empty (download)	Try CertFilter=false or check SM2
keytool missing (JKS)	Install JDK or use PEM/PFX
Chain verification failed	Check intermediate chain completeness