vllm-bench-serve

name	vllm-bench-serve
description	Interactive online benchmark orchestrator for vLLM inference services using `vllm bench serve`. Supports single benchmarks, multi-case batch execution with result aggregation, and auto-optimization to find optimal concurrency/throughput under latency SLO constraints (TTFT, TPOT, P99, success rate). Use this skill whenever the user wants to benchmark, stress test, or measure performance of a running LLM/multimodal/embedding inference service — even if they don't say "vllm bench serve" explicitly. Do NOT use for offline inference throughput, service deployment/startup, profiling/tracing, health checks only, or analyzing existing benchmark results without running new tests.
keywords	["vllm bench serve","benchmark","online benchmark","在线性能测试","推理服务性能","throughput","latency","TTFT","TPOT","P99","concurrency","并发测试","auto-optimize","寻优","SLO","request rate","stress test","压力测试"]

vllm-bench-serve — Online Benchmark Orchestrator

1. Scope & Boundaries

This skill does:

• Execute single or batch vllm bench serve online benchmarks against running inference services
• Aggregate and compare results across multiple test cases
• Auto-optimize: search for optimal concurrency/throughput given SLO constraints

This skill does NOT do (defer to other skills or decline):

• Start/deploy vLLM services → use vllm-ascend-server
• Offline batch inference throughput tests → use vllm-ascend
• Profiling / tracing (torch profiler, perfetto, NPU profiling) → out of scope
• Health checks only (just checking /v1/models) → simple curl, no skill needed
• Download/clean/convert datasets without running benchmarks → out of scope
• Analyze existing benchmark results without running new tests → out of scope

Related skills:

• vllm-ascend-server: Deploy and manage vLLM inference services
• remote-server-guide: SSH connection, remote server access, container management

When a benchmark command fails or returns unexpected results, read references/troubleshooting.md for common errors and solutions.

---

2. Trigger Examples

Should Trigger

1. "帮我测试一下 0.0.0.0:6531 的推理服务的性能。" → Probe service, discover model, confirm test case, run benchmark.

2. "帮我依次测试 0.0.0.0:1234 和 0.0.0.0:4321 这两个推理服务在 1,2,4,8,16,32 并发下的性能。" → Batch mode: multiple services × multiple concurrency levels, aggregate results.

3. "我想要知道 qwen3-30b 这个模型的最优吞吐是多少。" → Ask for service address, dataset, SLO constraints, then auto-optimize.

4. "帮我用 sharegpt 数据集测一下这个服务在不同 request rate 下的时延表现。" → Batch mode: sweep request rates, compare latency metrics.

5. "我需要找到 TTFT P99 在 500ms 以下的最大并发数。" → Auto-optimize with TTFT P99 SLO constraint.

Should NOT Trigger

1. "帮我采集 qwen3-8b 的 profiling。" → Profiling, not benchmark.
2. "帮我跑一下这个模型的离线吞吐测试。" → Offline benchmark, use vllm-ascend.
3. "帮我把 vLLM 服务启动起来再测。" → Service deployment, use vllm-ascend-server.
4. "帮我看看这个 benchmark 结果文件怎么解读。" → Result analysis only, no new test.
5. "我已经有一批 vllm bench 的 JSON 结果了，帮我生成测试报告。" → Report from existing data only.

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3. Workflow Overview

Execute phases in order. Generate a plan at the start with all phases listed. Mark each phase complete before proceeding. Check results at each phase boundary.

Phase 0: Execution Environment  →  Can we run vllm bench serve here?
    ↓
Phase 1: Service & Model        →  What service? What model?
    ↓
Phase 2: Mode Selection          →  Single / Batch / Auto-Optimize?
    ↓
Phase 3: Backend Selection       →  Text / Multimodal / Embedding / Reranking?
    ↓
Phase 4: Dataset Selection       →  Which dataset? What parameters?
    ↓
Phase 5: Benchmark Parameters    →  Concurrency? Rate? Prompts? SLOs?
    ↓
Phase 6: Parameter Validation    →  Are all combinations compatible?
    ↓
Phase 7: Command Gen & Execute   →  Generate commands, run benchmarks
    ↓
Phase 8: Results & Report        →  Aggregate, compare, recommend

For Auto-Optimize, Phase 7 and 8 form an iterative loop (probe → search → validate).

---

4. Phase 0 — Execution Environment

Before anything else, determine WHERE the benchmark client will run. The benchmark client sends HTTP requests to the service, so it needs network access to the target service and vllm installed.

Decision Tree

1. Service reachable? — curl -s --connect-timeout 5 http://ip:port/health
   • Reachable → candidate for local execution
   • Not reachable → need remote execution environment
2. vllm available? — scripts/check_bench_env.sh or vllm bench serve --help
   • Available → proceed locally
   • Not available → need a different environment
3. If local not viable —
   • Ask user where benchmark should run (remote server? container?)
   • Use remote-server-guide skill to establish connection
   • Once in the remote environment, re-run environment checks
   • All subsequent phases execute in that environment
4. Writable directory? — test write access for result storage
   • Test: touch /tmp/bench_test_write && rm /tmp/bench_test_write
   • If not writable, ask user for an alternative result directory

Remote/Container execution: When benchmark runs remotely, construct vllm bench serve commands directly in the remote shell rather than transferring scripts. Read results via cat/jq in the remote session. See references/environment-checks.md for details.

Read references/environment-checks.md when: executing remotely or in containers, or environment checks fail. Skip when: local environment checks all pass.

---

5. Phase 1 — Service & Model

Service Address

• If user provided ip:port → normalize to http://ip:port
• If user only gave a model name → ask for the service address

Model Discovery

bash <skill-path>/scripts/probe_service.sh --base-url http://ip:port

• One model → confirm with user
• Multiple models → let user choose
• No models → service may not be ready

--model vs --served-model-name

Parameter	Purpose	Used For
--model	Model weight path / tokenizer identifier	Tokenizer initialization (needed for random, random-mm, random-rerank datasets)
--served-model-name	API model name	The "model" field in HTTP request bodies

How auto-fetch works: When --model is omitted, vllm bench serve fetches from /v1/models — id → served_model_name, root → model (weight path for tokenizer).

Cross-environment concern: The service and benchmark client often run on different machines (e.g., service on a remote NPU server, benchmark client on a local workstation). The root path returned by /v1/models is the server-side weight path and may not exist on the benchmark client. After auto-fetch:

1. Check whether the root path exists on the benchmark client: test -d <root_path>
2. If the path exists → use it as --model
3. If the path does NOT exist → ask the user for a valid local tokenizer path or HuggingFace model ID (e.g., Qwen/Qwen3-30B-Instruct)
4. For embedding/reranking backends with --skip-tokenizer-init, the --model path is less critical

Always confirm with the user which model identifier to use, especially when the weight path and served name differ.

Read references/param-reference.md "Model" section when: auto-fetch fails, /v1/models root path is inaccessible, or weight path and served name differ. Skip when: auto-fetch works, path verified on benchmark client, and user confirms the detected model.

Output of This Phase

• base_url, model (weight path), served_model_name (API name)

---

6. Phase 2 — Mode Selection

User Intent	Mode	Description
"测试一下性能" / single test	Single	One benchmark run with one parameter set
"多个并发/参数/服务对比"	Batch	Multiple cases, aggregate comparison table
"找最优并发/吞吐" / "寻优"	Auto-Optimize	Iterative search for optimal configuration

If ambiguous, ask the user which mode they need. Always check the test mode with the user, DO NOT decide it yourselves.

---

7. Phase 3 — Backend Selection

The backend determines the request format. --endpoint must match the backend — vllm bench serve defaults --endpoint to /v1/completions, which is only correct for openai/vllm. All other backends will fail without the correct --endpoint.

Model Type	Recommended Backend	Required --endpoint
Text LLM (chat)	openai-chat	/v1/chat/completions
Text LLM (completion)	openai or vllm	/v1/completions (default)
Multimodal (VLM)	openai-chat	/v1/chat/completions
Embedding	openai-embeddings	/v1/embeddings
Reranking	vllm-rerank	/v1/rerank
Audio/ASR	openai-audio	/v1/audio/transcriptions

Default to openai-chat for text LLMs. The scripts (generate_bench_cmd.py, auto_optimize.py) auto-inject the correct endpoint, but when constructing commands manually, always include --endpoint.

CRITICAL: When using --backend openai-chat, you MUST also pass --endpoint /v1/chat/completions. Without it, the benchmark will fail with a URL validation error.

Read references/backend-mapping.md when: user needs embedding/reranking/audio backends, or uncommon backends like openai-embeddings-clip, vllm-pooling. Skip when: using openai-chat (default) — the table above is sufficient.

---

8. Phase 4 — Dataset Selection

Two-step interaction: select category, then confirm parameters.

Dataset Categories

Scenario	Dataset	Key Parameters
Quick synthetic test	random	--random-input-len, --random-output-len
Random length range	random	+ --random-range-ratio (0~1)
Prefix cache test	random + --random-prefix-len	or prefix_repetition
Real conversation	sharegpt	--dataset-path (auto-downloads if omitted)
Burst traffic simulation	burstgpt	--dataset-path
Custom workload	custom	--dataset-path (JSONL with "prompt" field)
Multimodal	random-mm or custom_mm	MM-specific params
Embedding	random	with embedding backend, --random-batch-size
Reranking	random-rerank	must use vllm-rerank backend
HuggingFace dataset	hf	--dataset-path HF_ID, --hf-split, --hf-subset
Speculative decoding test	spec_bench	--spec-bench-category

Common Dataset Parameters

random (most common):

• --random-input-len (default 1024), --random-output-len (default 128)
• --random-range-ratio (default 0.0), --random-prefix-len (default 0)

sharegpt: --dataset-path, --sharegpt-output-len

custom: --dataset-path (JSONL), --custom-output-len (default 256)

Note: --input-len and --output-len are convenience aliases that map to dataset-specific parameters (e.g., --random-input-len). Prefer using dataset-specific names to be explicit.

Read references/dataset-guide.md when: using hf, custom_mm, prefix_repetition, spec_bench, or other uncommon datasets. Skip when: using random or sharegpt — the parameters above are complete.

---

9. Phase 5 — Benchmark Parameters

Core Parameters (always confirm)

Load Control (choose one approach):

• --max-concurrency N: limit concurrent requests (recommended for most tests)
• --request-rate R: requests per second, Poisson arrival (default: inf = all at once)
• Can be combined (fixed rate with concurrency cap)

Request Count: --num-prompts N (default 1000): total requests to send

• For auto-optimize, this is calculated as search_value × multiplier (see Phase 8)

Warmup: --num-warmups N: warmup requests before measurement (default 0, recommend 3-10 for graph-mode)

Metrics Reporting

• --percentile-metrics "ttft,tpot,itl,e2el": which metrics to report percentiles for
• --metric-percentiles "50,90,95,99": which percentiles to compute

The result JSON includes for each metric: mean, median, std, and the requested percentiles (e.g., p50, p90, p95, p99). All values are in milliseconds.

Goodput (per-request SLO filtering)

• --goodput "ttft:500" "tpot:50": per-request SLO thresholds (values in ms)
  • Valid metrics: ttft, tpot, e2el
  • A request is counted as "good" only if ALL its individual metrics meet the thresholds
  • The result includes request_goodput (good req/s) alongside request_throughput (total req/s)
  • Useful for computing goodput_ratio = request_goodput / request_throughput

SLO Constraints (for auto-optimize)

In auto-optimize mode, SLO constraints determine when a load level is acceptable. Supported SLO dimensions:

SLO Key Format	Example	Check	Description
{mean|median}_{ttft|tpot|itl|e2el}	mean_ttft:300	<=	Mean/median latency in ms
p{N}_{ttft|tpot|itl|e2el}	p99_ttft:500	<=	Percentile latency in ms
success_rate	success_rate:95	>=	Completed / total requests (%)
goodput_ratio	goodput_ratio:0.9	>=	Good requests / completed (0~1, requires --goodput)

Multiple SLOs can be combined — ALL must be satisfied for a load level to pass.

Sampling Parameters (usually defaults are fine)

• --temperature, --top-p, --top-k, etc.
• Only effective with OpenAI-compatible backends (openai, openai-chat, vllm)

Read references/param-reference.md when: user needs sampling parameters, ramp-up strategy, burstiness, or other advanced options. Skip when: only using --max-concurrency + --num-prompts — the above covers it.

---

10. Phase 6 — Parameter Validation

Before executing, validate with scripts/validate_params.py or check manually:

Critical rules:

1. --endpoint must match --backend — e.g., openai-chat requires /v1/chat/completions. Only openai/vllm can use the default /v1/completions. Scripts auto-inject this, but verify when constructing commands manually.
2. random-rerank → must use vllm-rerank backend
3. random-mm / custom_mm → require openai-chat
4. sharegpt/custom/custom_mm → require --dataset-path
5. --goodput per-request metrics must be ttft, tpot, or e2el (values in ms)
6. --num-prompts < 100 → warn about P99 significance

If validation fails, explain the issue to the user and suggest corrections. Do not proceed until all errors are resolved.

---

11. Phase 7 — Command Generation & Execution

Result Archival (ALWAYS applied)

Every command MUST include: --save-result --save-detailed --result-dir <dir> --result-filename <name>

Naming convention:

bench_{model_short}_{dataset}_{backend}_{YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS}.json

• model_short: last segment of model name, max 30 chars, / → -

Directory structure:

bench_results/
├── single/        # Single runs
├── batch/         # Batch sessions (subdirectory per batch)
│   └── batch_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS/
├── optimize/      # Auto-optimize sessions
│   └── opt_YYYYMMDD_HHMMSS/
└── logs/          # Execution logs

Command Generation

Use scripts/generate_bench_cmd.py to auto-generate commands with correct --endpoint and archival flags:

python3 <skill-path>/scripts/generate_bench_cmd.py \
  --base-url http://ip:port --backend openai-chat \
  --dataset-name random --random-input-len 1024 --random-output-len 128 \
  --max-concurrency 8 --num-prompts 500

Or construct manually (--endpoint is required when not using scripts):

vllm bench serve \
  --base-url http://ip:port --backend openai-chat --endpoint /v1/chat/completions \
  --dataset-name random --random-input-len 1024 --random-output-len 128 \
  --max-concurrency 8 --num-prompts 500 \
  --percentile-metrics "ttft,tpot,itl,e2el" --metric-percentiles "50,90,95,99" \
  --save-result --save-detailed --result-dir ./bench_results/single \
  --result-filename bench_MODEL_random_openai-chat_TIMESTAMP.json

Execution

• Single: bash <skill-path>/scripts/run_bench.sh "<command>" [--timeout SECONDS]
• Batch: bash <skill-path>/scripts/run_batch.sh --config batch.jsonl --result-dir DIR --common-args "..." [--timeout S] [--parallel N]
• Aggregate: python3 <skill-path>/scripts/aggregate_results.py --result-dir DIR --format markdown

Error handling: failed cases are logged; batch mode continues remaining cases.

Remote Execution

When running in a remote/container environment (determined in Phase 0):

• Construct commands directly in the remote shell
• Set --result-dir to a writable path (e.g., /tmp/bench_results/)
• Read results via cat/jq in the remote session
• Transfer files locally via scp/docker cp if needed

Read references/scenario-cookbook.md when: constructing commands manually, or need copy-paste examples for specific scenarios (multimodal, embedding, prefix cache, stress test). Skip when: using generate_bench_cmd.py to build commands.

---

12. Phase 8 — Auto-Optimize

Finds the maximum concurrency/rate satisfying SLO constraints.

Prerequisites

User MUST provide at least one SLO constraint. Supported: any latency metric (mean_ttft, p99_tpot, median_e2el, etc.), success_rate, or goodput_ratio. Do NOT define "optimal" without explicit constraints. Ask the user what their SLO targets are.

Search Modes

Mode	Search Variable	Fixed Variable	Default?
A	--max-concurrency	(no --request-rate)	Yes
B	--request-rate	(no --max-concurrency)
C	--request-rate	--max-concurrency (user-set)
D	--max-concurrency	--request-rate (user-set)
E	Both (two-stage)	—

Confirm the search mode with the user. Default to Mode A if not specified.

num_prompts Multiplier

num_prompts = max(search_value × multiplier, minimum_floor)

Phase	Multiplier	Min Floor	Purpose
Coarse probe	2~4×	16	Speed priority
Fine search	5~8×	48	Accuracy priority
Validation	8~10×	96	Confidence priority

Confirm multiplier preference with user before starting. Use defaults if no preference.

Algorithm Summary

1. Warmup: Run at minimal load (concurrency=1, 10 prompts, num_warmups=5). If SLO already fails → abort with "service cannot meet SLO at minimum load".

2. Exponential Probe: Double the search variable each iteration (1→2→4→8→16...) until SLO is violated. This finds the upper bound.

3. Binary Search: Search between last-good and first-bad values. Converge when (upper - lower) / lower < 5% or max 8 iterations.

4. Validation: Run at the optimal point with higher num_prompts to confirm SLO compliance. If validation fails, reduce by 10% and retry (max 3 retries).

SLO Compliance Check (after each iteration)

All specified SLO constraints must be satisfied:

latency metrics (mean/median/pN) <= target  (e.g., p99_ttft <= 500ms)
success_rate >= target  (e.g., >= 95%)
goodput_ratio >= target  (e.g., >= 0.9, requires --goodput-config)

Edge Cases

• Service saturated at concurrency=1: Report "cannot meet SLO at minimum load"
• Service never saturates (probe reaches very high values): Report maximum tested point
• Unstable metrics (>20% variance between runs): Increase num_prompts multiplier

Result Archival

Every iteration is saved individually:

bench_results/optimize/opt_TIMESTAMP/
├── warmup.json
├── probe_001_c1.json, probe_002_c2.json, ...
├── search_001_c12.json, search_002_c10.json, ...
├── validation.json
└── optimization_report.json   # Final summary

Execute via: python3 <skill-path>/scripts/auto_optimize.py --base-url ... --slo "p99_ttft:500" --slo "success_rate:95" --search-mode A

Read references/optimization-strategy.md when: need algorithm details, adjusting convergence thresholds, handling edge cases (service saturated at minimum load, unstable metrics, two-stage Mode E search). Skip when: running auto_optimize.py with default parameters — the summary above is sufficient.

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13. Results & Output

Default Output Format: Comparison Table + Recommendation

For every benchmark run, present:

Comparison Table (Markdown):

| Case | Concurrency | Rate | Prompts | Req/s | Out tok/s | TTFT mean | TTFT P99 | TPOT mean | TPOT P99 | E2E P99 | Success% |

Recommendation:

• Single → key metrics summary, concerns
• Batch → best configuration and why
• Auto-optimize → optimal point, SLO evidence, search history

Additional (on request): raw commands, result file paths, report (using assets/report_template.md).

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14. Scripts & References Index

Scripts

Script	Purpose
scripts/check_bench_env.sh	Verify vllm installation and bench serve availability
scripts/probe_service.sh	Probe running service: health, models, backends
scripts/validate_params.py	Validate parameter combinations before execution
scripts/generate_bench_cmd.py	Generate complete benchmark command with archival flags
scripts/run_bench.sh	Execute single benchmark with error handling and timeout
scripts/run_batch.sh	Execute batch of cases (sequential or parallel)
scripts/aggregate_results.py	Aggregate result JSONs into comparison table (with optional baseline regression detection)
scripts/auto_optimize.py	Auto-optimization driver (exponential probe + binary search)

References

Reference	Content
references/param-reference.md	Complete vllm bench serve CLI parameter mapping
references/dataset-guide.md	Dataset types, parameters, backend compatibility matrix
references/backend-mapping.md	Backend → endpoint → model type mapping
references/scenario-cookbook.md	Ready-to-use benchmark scenario examples
references/optimization-strategy.md	Auto-optimization algorithm in full detail
references/environment-checks.md	Execution environment prerequisites and checks
references/troubleshooting.md	Common errors and solutions