education-data-source-edfacts

name	education-data-source-edfacts
description	EDFacts — K-12 outcomes: assessment proficiency, ACGR graduation rates, ESSA accountability at school/district level (2009-2020). Within-state trends and subgroup gaps. Complements CCD with outcome data. Cannot compare across states — use NAEP.
metadata	{"audience":"any-agent","domain":"data-source","skill-authored":"2026-02-09","skill-last-updated":"2026-02-09"}

EDFacts Data Source Reference

EDFacts — federal K-12 outcome data from State Education Agencies, covering state assessment proficiency rates, ACGR graduation rates, and ESSA accountability indicators at school and district level (assessments 2009-2020, graduation rates 2010-2019). Use when analyzing within-state achievement trends, subgroup proficiency gaps, or adjusted cohort graduation rates. Complements CCD (school characteristics) with outcome data. State assessment scores CANNOT be compared across states; use NAEP for cross-state comparisons.

EDFacts is the U.S. Department of Education's centralized data collection system for pre-K through grade 12 education data from State Education Agencies (SEAs). It provides state assessment proficiency rates, graduation rates, and accountability indicators — the authoritative federal source for state-level K-12 outcome data.

CRITICAL: Value Encoding

The Urban Institute Education Data Portal converts NCES string codes (e.g., ALL, CWD, LEP) to integer codes. Always verify actual data values before filtering — do not rely on documentation labels alone.

Context	Subgroup "All"	English Learner	Sex "Male"
Portal integer	99	1	1
NCES string	ALL	LEP	M

See ./references/variable-definitions.md for complete encoding tables.

What is EDFacts?

• Collector: U.S. Department of Education, via State Education Agencies (SEAs)
• Coverage: All public schools and districts in 50 states + DC
• Content: State assessment proficiency rates, ACGR graduation rates, participation rates, accountability indicators
• Frequency: Annual collection
• Available years: Assessments 2009-10 to present; Graduation rates 2010-11 to present
• Primary identifiers: ncessch (school ID, Int64), leaid (district ID, Int64), fips (state FIPS code, Int64)
• Key limitation: State assessment scores CANNOT be compared across states (different tests, different cut scores)
• Available through: Education Data Portal mirrors

Reference File Structure

File	Purpose	When to Read
accountability-context.md	ESSA, NCLB history, accountability systems	Understanding policy context
assessment-data.md	Proficiency levels, test scores, limitations	Working with assessment data
graduation-rates.md	ACGR methodology, cohort definitions	Analyzing graduation data
variable-definitions.md	Key variables, suppression codes, special values	Interpreting specific variables
data-quality.md	Known issues, state variations, COVID impacts	Data cleaning, limitations
subgroup-reporting.md	Special populations, disaggregation	Analyzing by student groups

Decision Trees

What type of analysis?

What EDFacts data do you need?
├─ Assessment/proficiency data
│   ├─ Within-state trends → Valid analysis
│   ├─ Cross-state comparison → INVALID - use NAEP instead
│   └─ Subgroup gaps → See ./references/subgroup-reporting.md
├─ Graduation rates (ACGR)
│   ├─ Understand methodology → See ./references/graduation-rates.md
│   ├─ Extended rates (5-year, 6-year) → See ./references/graduation-rates.md
│   └─ Subgroup rates → See ./references/subgroup-reporting.md
├─ Understanding variables
│   ├─ Missing/suppressed values → See ./references/variable-definitions.md
│   ├─ Range vs. exact values → See ./references/variable-definitions.md
│   └─ Subgroup codes → See ./references/subgroup-reporting.md
└─ Data quality concerns
    ├─ COVID-19 impacts (2019-20) → See ./references/data-quality.md
    ├─ State reporting changes → See ./references/data-quality.md
    └─ Suppression rates → See ./references/data-quality.md

Is my comparison valid?

What are you comparing?
├─ Same state, different years
│   ├─ Same assessment system? → Valid
│   └─ Different tests? → Break in time series
├─ Schools within same state → Valid
├─ Districts within same state → Valid
├─ Subgroups within same school → Valid (check suppression)
├─ Different states
│   ├─ Proficiency rates → INVALID
│   ├─ Graduation rates (ACGR) → More comparable
│   └─ Use NAEP instead → Valid
└─ National ranking by proficiency → INVALID

Quick Reference: EDFacts Data Elements

Assessment Data

Data Element	Description	Available Years
Proficiency rates	% meeting state standards in reading/math	2009-10 to present
Participation rates	% of students assessed	2012-13 to present
Achievement levels	Below Basic, Basic, Proficient, Advanced	Varies by state
Grade levels	Grades 3-8, high school (varies)	2009-10 to present

Graduation Data

Data Element	Description	Available Years
4-year ACGR	Adjusted Cohort Graduation Rate	2010-11 to present
5-year ACGR	Extended graduation rate	2011-12 to present
6-year ACGR	Further extended rate	2012-13 to present
Diploma types	Regular diploma only in ACGR	All years

Key Identifiers

Portal Data Types: All identifiers are Int64 in the Portal parquet files. The NCES source format (zero-padded strings) is shown for reference only. When joining with other Portal datasets, join on the integer columns directly.

ID	Portal Type	NCES Source Format	Level	Example (Int64)
ncessch	Int64	12-char zero-padded	School	10000500870
ncessch_num	Int64	Same as ncessch	School	10000500870
leaid	Int64	7-char zero-padded	District/LEA	100005
leaid_num	Int64	Same as leaid	District/LEA	100005
fips	Int64	2-digit	State	1 (Alabama)

Data Levels

Level	Identifier	Dataset Path Pattern
School	ncessch (Int64)	edfacts/schools_edfacts_*
District/LEA	leaid (Int64)	edfacts/districts_edfacts_*
State	fips (Int64)	Aggregate from lower levels

Subgroups Reported

Note: Not all subgroup columns are present in every dataset. Grad rates data does NOT have sex, migrant, or military_connected columns.

Subgroup	NCES Code	Portal Integer	Column	Available In
All students	ALL	99	race, sex, lep, disability	Assessments, Grad Rates
Economically disadvantaged	ECODIS	1	econ_disadvantaged	Assessments, Grad Rates
Students with disabilities	CWD	1	disability	Assessments, Grad Rates
English learners	LEP	1	lep	Assessments, Grad Rates
Homeless	HOM	1	homeless	Assessments, Grad Rates
Foster care	FCS	1	foster_care	Assessments, Grad Rates
Migrant	MIG	1	migrant	Assessments only
Military connected	MIL	1	military_connected	Assessments only
Race/ethnicity	Multiple	1-7, 99	race	Assessments, Grad Rates
Sex	M/F	1, 2, 99	sex	Assessments only

EDFacts Filter Column Pattern:

• Special population columns (lep, disability, homeless, etc.) use 1 = subgroup, 99 = total
• Race column uses integer codes (1=White, 2=Black, etc.)
• Sex column uses 1 = Male, 2 = Female, 99 = Total (assessments only)

Grade Codes (grade_edfacts)

Code	Grade Level
3-8	Grades 3-8 (individual)
9	Grades 9-12 combined
99	Total (all grades)

Race Codes

Empirically verified from 2018 school assessment data. Only these values appear in the race column:

Code	Category
1	White
2	Black
3	Hispanic
4	Asian
5	American Indian/Alaska Native
7	Two or More Races
99	Total

Note: Code 6 (Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander) is NOT observed in the data. Codes 8 (Nonresident alien), 9 (Unknown), 20 (Other), -1, -2, -3 are also not observed in the race column. These codes may exist in other Portal sources but are absent from EDFacts.

Sex Codes

Code	Category
1	Male
2	Female
9	Unknown
99	Total

Disability Codes

Empirically verified from 2018 school assessment and 2019 grad rate data. Only 1 and 99 are observed in the disability column. The expanded codes (0-4) documented in other Portal sources are NOT present in EDFacts datasets.

Code	Category
1	Students with disabilities (IDEA-eligible)
99	Total (all students)

LEP Codes

Code	Category
1	Students who are limited English proficient
99	All students (total)

Special Population Columns

For homeless, migrant, econ_disadvantaged, foster_care, military_connected:

Code	Category
1	Yes (in subgroup)
99	Total (all students)

Missing Data Codes

Code	Meaning	When Used
-1	Missing/not applicable	Data not reported
-2	Not reported	Item doesn't apply to this entity
-3	Suppressed for privacy	Data suppressed for small N-size
-9	Rounds to zero	Value rounds to zero
Range values	Exact value suppressed	Range provided instead of exact value
_midpt suffix	Calculated midpoint of suppressed range	Use for analysis when exact values are suppressed

Always use _midpt variables for analysis when exact values are suppressed.

Data Access

All EDFacts data is fetched via the Education Data Portal mirror system. There is no API access.

Key references:

• mirrors.yaml -- Mirror definitions, URL templates, read strategies
• datasets-reference.md -- Canonical dataset paths (one path works for all mirrors)
• fetch-patterns.md -- fetch_from_mirrors() and fetch_yearly_from_mirrors() patterns

Truth Hierarchy: When interpreting variable values, apply this priority:

1. Actual data file (what you observe in the parquet/CSV) — this IS the truth
2. Live codebook (.xls in mirror) — authoritative documentation, may lag
3. This skill documentation — convenient summary, may drift from codebook

If this documentation contradicts the codebook, trust the codebook. If the codebook contradicts observed data, trust the data and investigate.

Key Datasets

Dataset	Path	Type	Columns
School Assessments	edfacts/schools_edfacts_assessments_{year}	Yearly (2009-2018, 2020)	26 cols
School Grad Rates	edfacts/schools_edfacts_grad_rates_{year}	Yearly (2010-2019)	18 cols
District Assessments	edfacts/districts_edfacts_assessments_{year}	Yearly (2009-2018, 2020)	23 cols
District Grad Rates	edfacts/districts_edfacts_grad_rates_{year}	Yearly (2010-2019)	15 cols

Note: 2019 assessment data is NOT available (at any level) due to COVID testing waivers.

Codebooks

Codebook .xls files are available for both assessment and graduation rate datasets. Use get_codebook_url() from fetch-patterns.md:

# Assessment codebooks:
url = get_codebook_url("edfacts/codebook_schools_edfacts_assessments")
url = get_codebook_url("edfacts/codebook_districts_edfacts_assessments")

# Graduation rate codebooks:
url = get_codebook_url("edfacts/codebook_schools_edfacts_graduation")
url = get_codebook_url("edfacts/codebook_districts_edfacts_graduation")

# get_codebook_url() is a Python helper; in R, build the URL from the mirror root.
# Mirror failover: see `education-data-query/references/fetch-patterns.md` (R pattern)
mirror <- yaml::read_yaml("mirrors.yaml")$mirrors[[1]]

# Assessment codebooks:
url <- paste0(mirror$root_url, "/", "edfacts/codebook_schools_edfacts_assessments", ".xls")
url <- paste0(mirror$root_url, "/", "edfacts/codebook_districts_edfacts_assessments", ".xls")

# Graduation rate codebooks:
url <- paste0(mirror$root_url, "/", "edfacts/codebook_schools_edfacts_graduation", ".xls")
url <- paste0(mirror$root_url, "/", "edfacts/codebook_districts_edfacts_graduation", 

Codebook naming note: Graduation rate codebooks use _graduation (not _grad_rates), while the data files use _grad_rates. This follows the same pattern as other Portal sources where codebook names differ from data file names. See datasets-reference.md for the authoritative path mapping.

Dataset Column Differences

Assessment and graduation rate datasets have different column sets:

Column	Assessments	Grad Rates
sex	Yes (1, 2, 99)	No
migrant	Yes (1, 99)	No
military_connected	Yes (1, 99)	No
grade_edfacts	Yes (3-9, 99)	No
read_test_* / math_test_*	Yes	No
grad_rate_*	No	Yes
cohort_num	No	Yes
school_name / lea_name	Yes	Yes

Filtering

# Grade filtering: grade_edfacts uses integer codes
df = df.filter(pl.col("grade_edfacts") == 4)  # Grade 4
df = df.filter(pl.col("grade_edfacts") == 99)  # All grades combined

# Subgroup filtering: special population columns use 1/99 pattern
df_total = df.filter(pl.col("sex") == 99)  # All students (total)
df_econ = df.filter(pl.col("econ_disadvantaged") == 1)  # Economically disadvantaged only

# Race filtering: integer codes
df_black = df.filter(pl.col("race") == 2)  # Black students

library(dplyr)

# Grade filtering: grade_edfacts uses integer codes
df <- df |> filter(grade_edfacts == 4)   # Grade 4
df <- df |> filter(grade_edfacts == 99)  # All grades combined

# Subgroup filtering: special population columns use 1/99 pattern
df_total <- df |> filter(sex == 99)                # All students (total)
df_econ <- df |> filter(econ_disadvantaged == 1)   # Economically disadvantaged only

# Race filtering: integer codes
df_black <- df |> filter(race == 2)  # Black students

Common Pitfalls

Pitfall	Issue	Solution
Ranking states by proficiency	Different tests, different cut scores make comparisons meaningless	Use NAEP for cross-state comparisons
Comparing 2019-20 to other years	COVID testing waivers created data gaps	Note data gap, exclude year
Ignoring suppression	Results biased toward larger schools/subgroups	Document suppression rates, use _midpt variables
Assuming proficiency = same thing	State definitions of "proficient" vary widely	Clarify each state's definition
Pre/post ESSA comparison	Different accountability systems (NCLB vs ESSA)	Note policy change at 2015 boundary
Using string codes for filtering	Portal uses integer encoding, not NCES strings	Always check actual data values; see encoding tables above

Key Policy Context

Law	Years	Key Features
NCLB	2002-2015	AYP, 100% proficiency goal, HQT
ESSA	2015-present	State flexibility, multiple indicators

• AYP (Adequate Yearly Progress): NCLB requirement eliminated by ESSA
• ESSA Accountability: States design own systems with federal guardrails
• N-size: Minimum students required for reporting (varies by state, typically 10-30)

CRITICAL WARNING: Cross-State Comparisons

State assessment proficiency rates CANNOT be compared across states.

Factor	Why It Varies
Assessment content	Each state creates its own tests
Proficiency cut scores	Each state sets own thresholds
Standards alignment	State academic standards differ
Test difficulty	Not calibrated nationally

A student "proficient" in one state may score "below basic" in another state taking a harder test with higher cut scores. Rankings of states by proficiency rates are meaningless.

Use NAEP (National Assessment of Educational Progress) for valid cross-state comparisons.

Valid vs. Invalid Analysis Examples

Valid Analysis:

# Within-state trend analysis
state_df = df.filter(pl.col("fips") == 6)  # California only
trend = state_df.group_by("year").agg(
    pl.col("read_test_pct_prof_midpt").mean()
)
# Valid: Same state, same test system

library(dplyr)

# Within-state trend analysis
state_df <- df |> filter(fips == 6)  # California only
trend <- state_df |>
  group_by(year) |>
  summarise(read_test_pct_prof_midpt = mean(read_test_pct_prof_midpt, na.rm = TRUE))
# Valid: Same state, same test system

INVALID Analysis:

# DO NOT DO THIS - Cross-state comparison
# This comparison is MEANINGLESS
state_comparison = df.group_by("fips").agg(
    pl.col("read_test_pct_prof_midpt").mean()
).sort("read_test_pct_prof_midpt", descending=True)
# INVALID: Different tests, different standards

library(dplyr)

# DO NOT DO THIS - Cross-state comparison
# This comparison is MEANINGLESS
state_comparison <- df |>
  group_by(fips) |>
  summarise(read_test_pct_prof_midpt = mean(read_test_pct_prof_midpt, na.rm = TRUE)) |>
  arrange(desc(read_test_pct_prof_midpt))
# INVALID: Different tests, different standards

Related Data Sources

Source	Relationship	When to Use
education-data-source-ccd	CCD provides school/district demographics	Combining outcome data with school characteristics
education-data-source-crdc	CRDC has discipline, AP, school climate data	Analyzing school equity alongside achievement
education-data-source-saipe	SAIPE provides district poverty estimates	Linking poverty to achievement
education-data-source-meps	MEPS provides school poverty estimates	School-level poverty and assessment analysis
education-data-explorer	Parent discovery skill	Routing questions to mirror dataset files
education-data-query	Data fetching	Downloading via mirrors

Topic Index

Topic	Reference File
NCLB to ESSA transition	./references/accountability-context.md
State accountability systems	./references/accountability-context.md
Federal reporting requirements	./references/accountability-context.md
Proficiency levels	./references/assessment-data.md
Why states can't be compared	./references/assessment-data.md
NAEP comparison	./references/assessment-data.md
Assessment system changes	./references/assessment-data.md
ACGR calculation	./references/graduation-rates.md
Cohort adjustments	./references/graduation-rates.md
Extended graduation rates	./references/graduation-rates.md
Diploma types	./references/graduation-rates.md
Suppression codes	./references/variable-definitions.md
Missing data values	./references/variable-definitions.md
Range/midpoint variables	./references/variable-definitions.md
Participation rates	./references/variable-definitions.md
COVID-19 data gaps	./references/data-quality.md
State reporting variations	./references/data-quality.md
Known data issues	./references/data-quality.md
Time series breaks	./references/data-quality.md
Students with disabilities	./references/subgroup-reporting.md
English learners	./references/subgroup-reporting.md
Economically disadvantaged