| name | inspect-disk |
| description | Inspect or modify the Windows 95 disk image offline with mtools — no QEMU, no Electron, no boot. Use when checking what's on the C: drive, extracting/reading files from the image, copying files into it, or verifying image contents after a change. |
Inspecting windows95.img without booting it
images/windows95.img is a 1 GB raw MBR disk with a single FAT32 (0x0C)
partition starting at sector 63. mtools (installed via Homebrew) can read
and write it directly — the only trick is the partition byte offset:
63 sectors × 512 bytes = 32256
Every command takes the same image spec: -i images/windows95.img@@32256 ::
Read operations (always safe)
| Task | Command |
|---|
| List root | mdir -i images/windows95.img@@32256 :: |
| List a subdir | mdir -i images/windows95.img@@32256 ::/WINDOWS |
| Recursive bare listing | mdir -/ -b -i images/windows95.img@@32256 :: |
| Print a text file | mtype -i images/windows95.img@@32256 ::/AUTOEXEC.BAT |
| Extract a file to host | mcopy -i images/windows95.img@@32256 ::/CONFIG.SYS /tmp/ |
| Extract a dir recursively | mcopy -s -i images/windows95.img@@32256 ::/TOOLS /tmp/tools |
| Filesystem info | minfo -i images/windows95.img@@32256 :: |
| Disk usage (in 4 KB clusters) | mdu -i images/windows95.img@@32256 :: |
Long filenames work (PROGRA~1 ↔ Program Files); quote paths with
spaces. Paths use ::/ as the root of C:.
Hidden files need -a. Plain mdir silently skips hidden/system files
(BOOTLOG.TXT, SYSTEM.DA0, ShellIconCache, ie5bak.DAT, …). Existence
checks must use mdir -a, or you'll wrongly conclude a file isn't there.
Check the image isn't in use first. A running Electron or QEMU session
holds the image open and writes to it lazily (Win95's VCACHE flushes on its
own schedule):
lsof images/windows95.img
A copy taken while the VM runs will have FAT inconsistencies (directory
entries written, FAT not yet flushed). To repair a copy:
DEV=$(hdiutil attach -imagekey diskimage-class=CRawDiskImage -nomount copy.img | head -1 | awk '{print $1}')
fsck_msdos -y "${DEV}s1"
hdiutil detach "$DEV"
Write operations (read the warnings first)
| Task | Command |
|---|
| Copy file into image | mcopy -o -i images/windows95.img@@32256 /host/file.txt ::/TOOLS/ |
| Make a directory | mmd -i images/windows95.img@@32256 ::/NEWDIR |
| Delete a file | mdel -i images/windows95.img@@32256 ::/FILE.TXT |
| Delete a dir recursively | mdeltree -i images/windows95.img@@32256 ::/DIR |
| Clear R/S/H attributes | mattrib -i images/windows95.img@@32256 -r -s -h ::/FILE (-/ for recursive) |
mdel/mdeltree fail on read-only/hidden/system files — run mattrib
first. Note that bulk offline cleanup is currently discouraged: offline
modification worsens v86 cold-boot reliability. Prefer doing cleanup
inside Windows; see "Slimming the image" in docs/qemu.md.
Warning 1: never write while a VM holds the image
If Electron/v86 or QEMU is running against the image, offline writes race
the guest's own writes and corrupt the FAT. Check first:
pgrep -fl "windows95.*electron|qemu.*windows95"
Warning 2: any offline write must be verified with the in-app probe
QEMU and v86 exercise different boot paths (different hardware → different
driver init), and offline modification can break v86 cold boot while QEMU
still boots fine ("Invalid VxD dynamic link call" — see "VXDLINK: flake
vs. real bug" in the probe-win95 skill). Verify with tools/probe-boot.sh,
not just yarn run qemu. In particular, never zero free space via the
mcopy-a-giant-zero-file trick — that breaks v86 cold boot
deterministically; use tools/zero-free-clusters.py if you must zero free
space at all.
Warning 3: saved states cache the old disk
images/default-state.bin and ~/Library/Application Support/windows95/state-v*.bin
contain Win95's RAM, including VCACHE/FAT caches that reference the disk
as it was when the state was saved. Modifying the disk offline and then
resuming a saved state = filesystem corruption.
After any offline write:
rm -f "$HOME/Library/Application Support/windows95/"state-v*.bin
…so the next boot is fresh (or from default-state.bin, which boots from
disk early enough to be safe only if the files you touched weren't open at
state-save time — when in doubt, do a full fresh boot and re-save).
Alternative: mount in Finder
hdiutil attach -imagekey diskimage-class=CRawDiskImage -readonly images/windows95.img
hdiutil detach /Volumes/WIN95
Read-only is deliberate; use mtools for writes so you control exactly what
changes.
Worktree note
images/ is gitignored — in a fresh worktree there is no image to inspect.
See "Running from a git worktree" in the probe-win95 skill for the
clone-from-main-checkout snippet.
Why not QEMU/v86?
Booting to inspect the disk takes ~40s+ per round trip (see probe-win95)
and every boot mutates the image (registry, swap, SCANDISK.LOG). mtools is
instant and, for read operations, leaves the image bit-identical — which
matters when you're trying to diff or bisect image changes.
