chemical

## What I do - Explain chemical principles and reaction mechanisms - Provide solubility, reactivity, and safety information - Support chemical analysis and characterization - Guide on chemical handling and storage - Assist with laboratory and industrial chemistry ## When to use me - When working with chemical processes or formulations - When needing chemical property data or reactivity - When selecting materials for chemical compatibility - When understanding reaction stoichiometry - When researching chemical safety considerations ## Key Concepts ### Chemical Properties ```python # Common chemical data structures CHEMICAL_PROPERTIES = { "water": { "formula": "H2O", "mw": 18.015, "density": 1000, # kg/m³ "melting_point": 0, # °C "boiling_point": 100, "solubility": "miscible" }, "ethanol": { "formula": "C2H5OH", "mw": 46.07, "density": 789, "melting_point": -114, "boiling_point": 78.37, "solubility": "miscible" }, "acetone": { "formula": "C3H6O", "mw": 58.08, "density": 784, "melting_point": -95, "boiling_point": 56, "solubility": "miscible" } } ``` ### Common Chemical Reactions | Reaction Type | General Form | Example | |---------------|--------------|---------| | Synthesis | A + B → AB | 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O | | Decomposition | AB → A + B | 2H₂O → 2H₂ + O₂ | | Single Replacement | A + BC → AC + B | Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂ | | Double Replacement | AB + CD → AD + CB | AgNO₃ + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO₃ | | Combustion | Fuel + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O | CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O | ### Safety and Handling ```python # GHS Hazard Classes GHS_HAZARDS = { "flammable": ["Flammable gas", "Flammable liquid", "Flammable solid"], "oxidizer": ["Oxidizing gas", "Oxidizing liquid", "Oxidizing solid"], "corrosive": ["Skin corrosion", "Eye damage"], "toxic": ["Acute toxicity", "Carcinogen", "Mutagen"], "environmental": ["Aquatic toxicity", "Ozone layer"] } # Storage groups (incompatible chemicals) STORAGE_GROUPS = { "acids": {"compatible": ["acids"], "incompatible": ["bases", "cyanides", "sulfides"]}, "bases": {"compatible": ["bases"], "incompatible": ["acids", "metals", "acids"]}, "flammables": {"compatible": ["flammables"], "incompatible": ["oxidizers", "acids"]}, "oxidizers": {"compatible": ["oxidizers"], "incompatible": ["flammables", "acids", "metals"]} } ``` ### Concentration Units ```python # Common concentration conversions def molarity_to_molality(M, density, mw_solute): """Convert molarity to molality""" # m = (1000 * M) / (1000*ρ - M * mw) solvent_mass = (1000 * density - M * mw_solute) / 1000 return M / solvent_mass def ppm_to_mg_m3(ppm, mw): """Convert ppm to mg/m³""" # At 25°C and 1 atm: mg/m³ = ppm × MW / 24.45 return ppm * mw / 24.45 def percent_to_molarity(percent, mw): """Convert weight percent to molarity""" # Approximate: M = (10 × percent) / MW return (10 * percent) / mw ``` ### Chemical Analysis Methods | Method | Principle | Applications | |--------|-----------|--------------| | Titration | Neutralization reaction | Concentration determination | | Spectroscopy | Light absorption/emission | Elemental analysis | | Chromatography | Phase separation | Mixture analysis | | Mass spec | Ion mass/charge | Molecular identification | | pH measurement | Electrode potential | Acidity/basicity |