genetics

## What I do - Study inheritance patterns and gene transmission - Analyze gene structure and function - Investigate genetic mutations and variation - Research gene expression and regulation - Map genetic loci and analyze linkage - Apply genetic engineering techniques ## When to use me - When analyzing inheritance patterns - When studying gene function - When investigating genetic disorders - When performing genetic crosses - When mapping genetic traits - When applying molecular genetics techniques ## Key Concepts ### Mendelian Inheritance **Laws** 1. Law of Dominance: Dominant masks recessive 2. Law of Segregation: Alleles separate 3. Law of Independent Assortment: Genes assort independently ### Genetic Crosses ```python # Example: Punnett square analysis def punnett_square(parent1, parent2): """ Generate Punnett square for two alleles. parent1, parent2: 'A' or 'a' for each parent """ gametes1 = [parent1[0], parent1[1]] gametes2 = [parent2[0], parent2[1]] offspring = [[g1 + g2 for g2 in gametes2] for g1 in gametes1] return offspring def mendelian_ratios(genotypes): """Calculate expected phenotypic ratios.""" AA = genotypes.count('AA') Aa = genotypes.count('Aa') aa = genotypes.count('aa') return {'dominant': AA + Aa, 'recessive': aa} ``` ### Non-Mendelian Inheritance - Incomplete dominance - Codominance - Multiple alleles - Pleiotropy - Epistasis - Genomic imprinting - Mitochondrial inheritance ### Molecular Genetics - DNA replication - Transcription - Translation - Gene regulation - Mutation types - DNA repair mechanisms