output-error-direct-io

name	output-error-direct-io
description	Fix direct I/O in Output SDK workflow functions. Use when workflow hangs, returns undefined, shows "workflow must be deterministic" errors, or when HTTP/API calls are made directly in workflow code.
allowed-tools	["Bash","Read"]

Fix Direct I/O in Workflow Functions

Overview

This skill helps diagnose and fix a critical error pattern where I/O operations (HTTP calls, database queries, file operations) are performed directly in workflow functions instead of in steps. This violates Temporal's determinism requirements.

When to Use This Skill

You're seeing:

• Workflow hangs indefinitely
• Undefined or empty responses
• "workflow must be deterministic" errors
• Network operations failing silently
• Timeouts without clear cause

Root Cause

Workflow functions must be deterministic - they should only orchestrate steps, not perform I/O directly. When you make HTTP calls, database queries, or any external operations directly in a workflow function:

1. Hangs: The workflow may hang because I/O isn't properly handled
2. Determinism violations: Temporal replays workflows, and I/O results differ
3. No retry logic: Direct calls bypass Output SDK's retry mechanisms
4. No tracing: Operations aren't recorded in the workflow trace

Symptoms

Direct fetch/axios in Workflow

// WRONG: I/O directly in workflow
export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const response = await fetch( 'https://api.example.com/data' );  // BAD!
    const data = await response.json();
    return { data };
  }
} );

Direct Database Calls

// WRONG: Database I/O in workflow
export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const user = await db.users.findById( input.userId );  // BAD!
    return { user };
  }
} );

File System Operations

// WRONG: File I/O in workflow
import fs from 'fs/promises';

export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const data = await fs.readFile( input.path, 'utf-8' );  // BAD!
    return { data };
  }
} );

Solution

Move ALL I/O operations to step functions. Steps are designed to handle non-deterministic operations.

Before (Wrong)

export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const response = await fetch( 'https://api.example.com/data' );
    const data = await response.json();
    return { data };
  }
} );

After (Correct)

import { z, step, workflow } from '@outputai/core';
import { createKyClient } from '@outputai/http';

// Create a step for the I/O operation
export const fetchData = step( {
  name: 'fetchData',
  inputSchema: z.object( {
    endpoint: z.string()
  } ),
  outputSchema: z.object( {
    data: z.unknown()
  } ),
  fn: async input => {
    const client = createKyClient( { prefix: 'https://api.example.com' } );
    const data = await client.get( input.endpoint ).json();
    return { data };
  }
} );

// Workflow only orchestrates steps
export default workflow( {
  inputSchema: z.object( {} ),
  outputSchema: z.object( { data: z.unknown() } ),
  fn: async input => {
    const result = await fetchData( { endpoint: 'data' } );
     result;
  }
} );

Complete Example: Database Operation

Before (Wrong)

export default workflow( {
  fn: async input => {
    const user = await prisma.user.findUnique( {
      where: { id: input.userId }
    } );
    const orders = await prisma.order.findMany( {
      where: { userId: input.userId }
    } );
    return { user, orders };
  }
} );

After (Correct)

import { z, step, workflow } from '@outputai/core';
import { prisma } from '../lib/db';

export const fetchUser = step( {
  name: 'fetchUser',
  inputSchema: z.object( { userId: z.string() } ),
  outputSchema: z.object( {
    user: z.object( {
      id: z.string(),
      name: z.string(),
      email: z.string()
    } ).nullable()
  } ),
  fn: async input => {
    const user = await prisma.user.findUnique( {
      where: { id: input.userId }
    } );
    return { user };
  }
} );

export const fetchOrders = step( {
  name: 'fetchOrders',
  inputSchema: z.object( { userId: z.string() } ),
  outputSchema: z.object( {
    orders: z.array( z.object( {
      id: z.(),
      : z.()
    } ) )
  } ),
  :  input => {
     orders =  prisma..( {
      : { : input. }
    } );
     { orders };
  }
} );

  ( {
  : z.( { : z.() } ),
  : z.( {
    : z.(),
    : z.( z.() )
  } ),
  :  input => {
     { user } =  ( { : input. } );
     { orders } =  ( { : input. } );
     { user, orders };
  }
} );

Finding Direct I/O in Workflows

Search for common I/O patterns in workflow files:

# Find fetch calls
grep -rn "await fetch" src/workflows/

# Find axios calls
grep -rn "axios\." src/workflows/

# Find database operations
grep -rn "prisma\.\|db\.\|mongoose\." src/workflows/

# Find file system operations
grep -rn "fs\.\|readFile\|writeFile" src/workflows/

Then review each match to see if it's in a workflow function vs a step function.

What CAN Be in Workflow Functions

Workflow functions should contain:

• Step calls: await myStep( input )
• Orchestration logic: conditionals, loops (over step calls)
• Data transformation: Pure functions on step results
• Constants: Static values and configuration

Workflow functions should NOT contain:

• HTTP/API calls
• Database operations
• File system operations
• External service calls
• Anything that talks to the network or filesystem

Verification

After moving I/O to steps:

1. Run the workflow: npx output workflow run <name> --input '<input>'
2. Check the trace: npx output workflow debug <id> --json
3. Verify steps appear: Look for your I/O steps in the trace
4. Confirm no errors: No determinism warnings or hangs

Benefits of Steps for I/O

1. Retry logic: Steps can be retried on failure
2. Tracing: I/O operations appear in workflow traces
3. Timeouts: Steps can have individual timeouts
4. Determinism: Replays use recorded results
5. Debugging: Clear visibility into what happened

Related Issues

• For HTTP client best practices, see output-error-http-client
• For non-determinism from other causes, see output-error-nondeterminism