graphicx

# graphicx — Image Inclusion & Manipulation **CTAN:** https://ctan.org/pkg/graphicx **Manual:** `texdoc graphicx` ## Setup ```latex \usepackage{graphicx} % Set default search paths for images \graphicspath{{images/}{figures/}{./}} ``` ## \includegraphics Options ```latex \includegraphics[options]{filename} ``` | Option | Example | Description | |--------|---------|-------------| | `width` | `width=0.8\textwidth` | Scale to width | | `height` | `height=5cm` | Scale to height | | `scale` | `scale=0.5` | Scale factor | | `angle` | `angle=90` | Rotate (counterclockwise, degrees) | | `trim` | `trim=1cm 2cm 1cm 0cm` | Crop: left bottom right top | | `clip` | `clip` | Must accompany `trim` to actually crop | | `page` | `page=3` | Page of multi-page PDF | | `keepaspectratio` | `keepaspectratio` | Maintain ratio when both width+height set | | `draft` | `draft` | Show filename box instead of image | | `bb` | `bb=0 0 100 100` | Bounding box (EPS) | | `viewport` | `viewport=50 50 200 200` | View sub-region (with `clip`) | | `resolution` | `resolution=300` | DPI for bitmap without natural size | ```latex % Common patterns \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{photo} \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig1} \includegraphics[height=4cm, keepaspectratio]{diagram} \includegraphics[angle=90, width=0.5\textwidth]{landscape} \includegraphics[trim=10mm 5mm 10mm 5mm, clip, width=\linewidth]{screenshot} \includegraphics[page=2, width=\textwidth]{multipage.pdf} ``` ## Supported Formats by Engine | Engine | Vector | Raster | |--------|--------|--------| | pdfLaTeX | PDF, EPS (auto-converted) | PNG, JPG | | XeLaTeX | PDF, EPS | PNG, JPG, BMP | | LuaLaTeX | PDF, EPS | PNG, JPG | | LaTeX→DVI | EPS | (none natively) | **Best practice:** Use PDF for vector graphics, PNG for screenshots/diagrams with transparency, JPG for photos. ## Scaling & Rotating Commands ```latex % Scale content (text or images) \scalebox{2}{Doubled} \scalebox{0.5}[1.5]{Stretched} % [horizontal]{vertical} % Resize to exact dimensions \resizebox{3cm}{!}{Content} % ! = keep aspect ratio \resizebox{!}{2cm}{Content} \resizebox{3cm}{2cm}{Content} % exact (may distort) % Rotate \rotatebox{45}{Rotated text} \rotatebox[origin=c]{90}{Centered rotation} % origin: l, r, c, t, b, lt, rb, etc. ``` ## Figure Environment ```latex \begin{figure}[htbp] % placement: here, top, bottom, page \centering \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{plot.pdf} \caption{Experimental results showing growth over time.} \label{fig:results} \end{figure} % Reference: See Figure~\ref{fig:results}. ``` ### Placement Specifiers | Spec | Meaning | |------|---------| | `h` | Here (approximately) | | `t` | Top of page | | `b` | Bottom of page | | `p` | Separate float page | | `!` | Override internal limits | | `H` | Exactly here (requires `float` package) | **Tip:** Use `[htbp]` as default. Avoid `[H]` unless necessary. ## Subfigures ```latex \usepackage{subcaption} % preferred over subfig/subfigure \begin{figure}[htbp] \centering \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth} \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig_a.pdf} \caption{First result} \label{fig:sub_a} \end{subfigure} \hfill \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.48\textwidth} \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig_b.pdf} \caption{Second result} \label{fig:sub_b} \end{subfigure} \caption{Comparison of results. (a) shows X, (b) shows Y.} \label{fig:comparison} \end{figure} ``` ### Three Subfigures in a Row ```latex \begin{figure}[htbp] \centering \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.32\textwidth} \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{a} \caption{A} \end{subfigure} \hfill \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.32\textwidth} \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{b} \caption{B} \end{subfigure} \hfill \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.32\textwidth} \centering \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{c} \caption{C} \end{subfigure} \caption{Three results side by side.} \end{figure} ``` ## Overlays with overpic ```latex \usepackage{overpic} \begin{overpic}[width=0.8\textwidth, grid, tics=10]{photo.jpg} % Coordinates are percentages (0-100) \put(20,80){\color{red}\Large\textbf{Label A}} \put(70,30){\vector(-1,1){15}} \end{overpic} ``` Remove `grid, tics=10` after positioning. Coordinates are percentage-based. ## Wrapfigure (Text Wrapping) ```latex \usepackage{wrapfig} \begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.4\textwidth} % r=right, l=left \centering \includegraphics[width=0.38\textwidth]{small_fig} \caption{Side figure.} \end{wrapfigure} Text flows around the figure here... ``` ## Common Pitfalls | Problem | Cause | Fix | |---------|-------|-----| | "File not found" | Wrong path or extension | Check `\graphicspath`, omit extension | | "Unknown graphics extension .eps" | pdfLaTeX can't use raw EPS | Use `epstopdf` package (auto-converts) or switch to PDF | | Blurry images | Low resolution raster | Use ≥300 DPI or vector format | | Figure floats away | LaTeX float algorithm | Use `[htbp!]`, add `\FloatBarrier` (placeins pkg) | | Overfull hbox with subfigures | Widths sum > \textwidth | Ensure widths + gaps < 1.0\textwidth | | `trim` not cropping | Missing `clip` | Always pair `trim` with `clip` | | Image upside down | Camera EXIF rotation | Pre-rotate or use `angle=180` | | Subfigure numbering wrong | Using deprecated `subfigure` pkg | Switch to `subcaption` | ## Tips - Omit file extensions — LaTeX picks the best format automatically - Use `\linewidth` inside minipages/columns, `\textwidth` at top level - For publication: vector (PDF/EPS) for plots, high-DPI PNG/JPG for photos - `\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.png,.jpg}` to set search priority - `draft` option on `\documentclass` replaces all images with boxes (faster compilation)