| name | apply-page-language |
| description | Use when building any web page or SPA โ to declare the language of the page and any inline content in a different language, so screen readers select the correct text-to-speech voice and language rules. |
| source | W3C WCAG 2.1 SC 3.1.1 Language of Page (Level A), SC 3.1.2 Language of Parts (Level AA); IETF BCP 47 language tag specification; MDN HTML lang attribute guide |
| tags | ["accessibility","wcag","a11y","language","lang-attribute","screen-reader","internationalization","developer"] |
| related | ["write-semantic-html-structure","design-accessibility-standards"] |
Apply Page Language
Declare the page language on <html lang> and mark inline content in a different language โ
so screen readers use the correct pronunciation, TTS voice, and hyphenation rules.
Why This Is Best Practice
Adopted by: WCAG 2.1 SC 3.1.1 (Level A, required universally) and SC 3.1.2 (Level AA, required
by Section 508 US, EU EN 301 549, UK PSBAR 2018). The HTML Living Standard and every major framework
(Next.js, Nuxt, SvelteKit, Angular) provide built-in mechanisms for setting lang as a baseline
HTML requirement. Google Lighthouse, axe-core, and WAVE all flag missing lang as a critical error.
Impact: Screen readers switch TTS voice engines based on the lang attribute โ reading French
text with an English voice produces unintelligible output. NVDA, JAWS, and VoiceOver all implement
automatic language switching per the lang attribute. WebAIM's 2024 screen reader survey found 68%
of screen reader users rely on automatic language switching. Without lang, browsers also fail to
apply correct spell-check, hyphenation, and quotation mark rules for language-specific characters.
Why best: The HTTP Content-Language header and <meta http-equiv="Content-Language"> cannot
substitute โ screen readers do not use these for TTS voice selection. The lang attribute on HTML
elements is the only mechanism supported across all screen readers and browsers for per-element
language switching.
Sources: W3C WCAG 2.1 SC 3.1.1, 3.1.2 (2018); IETF BCP 47; MDN HTML lang; WebAIM Screen Reader
Survey 2024
Steps
Step 1: Set lang on every <html> element (3.1.1)
Every HTML page must have a valid BCP 47 language tag on the root element:
<html>
<html lang="">
<html lang="english">
<html lang="en">
<html lang="en-US">
<html lang="fr">
<html lang="de">
<html lang="zh-Hans">
<html lang="ar">
Use just the two-letter ISO 639-1 code (en, fr, de) unless a regional variant matters
for pronunciation (en-US vs en-GB, pt-BR vs pt-PT).
Step 2: Mark inline content in a different language (3.1.2)
Any phrase, word, or passage in a language different from the page language needs a lang
attribute on its containing element:
<html lang="en">
<body>
<p>The menu offered <em>carte blanche</em>.</p>
<p>The menu offered <em lang="fr">carte blanche</em>.</p>
<li><cite lang="de">Der Spiegel</cite> โ German news magazine</li>
<blockquote lang="ja">
<p>ใในใฆใฎไบบ้ใฏใ็ใพใใชใใใซใใฆ่ช็ฑใงใใ...</p>
</blockquote>
</body>
Proper nouns โ people's names, place names, brand names โ do not need lang. They are
pronounced consistently regardless of surrounding language.
Step 3: Update lang on SPA locale changes (3.1.1)
In SPAs where locale changes without a full page reload, update document.documentElement.lang:
function App() {
const { locale } = useLocale();
useEffect(() => {
document.documentElement.lang = locale;
}, [locale]);
return <RouterProvider router={router} />;
}
router.afterEach((to) => {
document.documentElement.setAttribute('lang', to.meta.locale ?? 'en');
});
Without this update, a user switching to French in a SPA hears English TTS voice reading
French content for the entire session.
Step 4: Set lang in framework base templates
| Framework | Where to set lang |
|---|
| Next.js (App Router) | <html lang="en"> in app/layout.tsx |
| Next.js (Pages) | i18n.defaultLocale in next.config.js + <html lang={locale}> in _document.js |
| Nuxt | app.head.htmlAttrs.lang in nuxt.config.ts |
| SvelteKit | <html lang="en"> in src/app.html |
| Angular | <html lang="en"> in src/index.html |
| Create React App | <html lang="en"> in public/index.html |
| Vite | <html lang="en"> in index.html |
Common BCP 47 tags
| Language | Tag | | Language | Tag |
|---|
| English | en | | Japanese | ja |
| English (US) | en-US | | Korean | ko |
| English (UK) | en-GB | | Arabic | ar |
| French | fr | | Hebrew | he |
| German | de | | Russian | ru |
| Spanish | es | | Chinese (Simplified) | zh-Hans |
| Portuguese (Brazil) | pt-BR | | Chinese (Traditional) | zh-Hant |
Full registry: IANA Language Subtag Registry (iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry)
When NOT to Use
- Proper nouns and brand names โ "Google", "Paris", "Marie Curie" don't need
lang even
inside foreign-language text.
- Code snippets โ programming keywords (
const, function) are not natural language.
No lang needed on <code> blocks unless they contain natural-language strings in a
foreign language.
- Placeholder or decorative text โ content marked
aria-hidden="true" doesn't need lang.
Common Mistakes
lang missing from <html>. Most common failure โ flagged by Axe, Lighthouse, and WAVE.
Add lang="en" (or correct language) to the <html> element in your base template immediately.
Framework scaffold output lacks lang. Create React App, Vite, and many starters omit lang.
Check your index.html or base layout file before deploying.
lang="en" on a non-English page. A French website with lang="en" reads the entire page
in English TTS voice. Verify lang matches actual content, not developer preference.
lang not updated in multilingual SPAs. When a user switches locale, document.documentElement.lang
must update. Static lang="en" in the HTML template is wrong when the page renders French content.
