| name | content-writing |
| description | Use when drafting or editing website copy of any kind. Use content-writing for general copy and blog-writer for a complete article. |
| metadata | {"portable":true,"compatible_with":["claude-code","codex"]} |
Content Writing Skill
Overview
Use this skill as the general copywriting and editing standard for websites and marketing content. It applies structure, clarity, persuasion, and scannability across page copy, blog text, and other website content.
Use When
- Use when drafting or editing website copy of any kind.
- Use when the task needs stronger headlines, flow, readability, or persuasive structure.
- Use as a cross-cutting writing standard alongside more specific content skills.
Do Not Use When
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Do not use to invent missing strategy, positioning, or proof.
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Do not override a more specific skill that already owns the artifact.
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Do not confuse polished copy with message clarity or business logic.
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Route to content-writing instead for general copy, or blog-writer for a complete article.
Required Inputs
| Input | Source / provider | Required? | If absent |
|---|
| Content Writing brief and decision audience | Client, plan owner, or approved project files | Yes | Stop before making a recommendation; state the missing decision context. |
| Claims, assumptions, and supporting evidence | Source register, model, research notes, interviews, or operating records | Yes | Separate known facts from assumptions and return a qualified gap list. |
| Authority and delivery constraints | Requesting owner and repository instructions | Yes | Remain read-only and produce a draft or review only. |
- Draft copy or a clear content brief
- Audience, page purpose, and conversion goal
- Brand, language, and tone context
- Any adjacent pages or content whose wording must stay aligned
Workflow
- Identify what the page or piece of content must achieve.
- Clarify the reader, promise, and next action.
- Draft or revise the copy for clarity, persuasion, and scanability.
- For premium service pages, sales pages, authority content, SEO/AI-search pages, or high-stakes conversion copy, apply
premium-commercial-writing.
- Reconcile tone and terminology with the brand and surrounding content.
- Tighten weak sections, headlines, and transitions.
- Flag where better inputs or stronger evidence are needed.
Decision, stop, and recovery controls
- Decision point: confirm that the requested output is the reader-ready content draft and that the decision concerns which structure and language help the reader complete the task.
- Stop condition: halt the affected conclusion if required evidence is missing (page purpose, reader task, facts, voice, and conversion path) or if the work could lead to this identified risk: polishing generic copy that lacks proof or a usable next step.
- Recovery: obtain the missing record or reviewer, repeat the affected check, and update the exception record before release.
Quality Bar
- The copy is clear, useful, and conversion-aware.
- Headlines and structure make the content easy to navigate.
- Tone matches the intended audience and brand.
- The writing supports the business goal of the page.
Anti-Patterns
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Vague marketing language with no concrete meaning.
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Long paragraphs that hide the main point.
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Writing that sounds polished but says nothing new.
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Copy choices that conflict with other live pages.
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Treating a generic content writing template as a conclusion. Correction: tie each choice to the named audience, evidence, and operating constraint.
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Applying the wrong neighbouring route to content writing. Correction: confirm the decision and route to the named neighbour before analysis.
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Treating an assumption as verified evidence. Correction: label it, cite its source or owner, and assign a verification action.
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Recommending action without a decision threshold. Correction: state the measurable acceptance condition and review trigger.
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Recording an unavailable check as passed. Correction: mark it not assessed and state the consequence for the decision.
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Mutating or publishing during an analysis-only task. Correction: remain read-only until the owner gives explicit authority.
Outputs
| Artefact | Consumer | Observable acceptance condition |
|---|
| Content Writing deliverable | Named decision-maker or plan author | The recommended choice, assumptions, countercase, and next action are explicit. |
| Evidence and exception register | Reviewer, funder, board, or implementation owner | Every load-bearing claim is sourced or labelled as an assumption; missing checks are not shown as passes. |
- Improved or newly drafted website copy
- Stronger headings, flow, and calls to action
- Any messaging gaps that need strategic clarification
Professional copywriting standards for website copy, blog posts, articles, and all written content. This is a cross-cutting skill apply these principles whenever creating or editing text for any page.
The Reader-First Rule
Every word exists for the reader, not the writer. Before writing anything, answer:
- Who is the reader? What do they already know?
- What are they looking for? What problem brought them here?
- Why should they care? What benefit do they gain?
Write for the reader all the time. That is what separates content that converts from content that gets ignored.
Headlines & Titles
The headline is the most important element. Five times as many people read the headline as read the body. If the headline fails, everything below it is wasted.
Headline Rules
- Promise a benefit. Headlines that promise benefits outperform those that don't.
- Give news. Readers seek new information new products, new methods, new insights.
- Select your reader. Flag down the people you want. If writing for banana farmers, put "banana farmers" in the headline.
- Be specific. "How to Increase Banana Yield by 40%" beats "Tips for Better Farming."
- Long headlines that say something outpull short headlines that say nothing. Never sacrifice clarity for brevity.
- Write the headline AFTER the content. Only then do you know the full scope and best angle.
- Telegraph in simple language. Readers do not stop to decipher obscure headlines.
Headline Formulas That Work
- How to [achieve desired result]: "How to Store Bananas for Maximum Shelf Life"
- [Number] Ways/Reasons/Steps: "7 Steps to Higher-Quality Matooke Flour"
- Question that mirrors the reader's problem: "Is Your Banana Crop Vulnerable to Fusarium Wilt?"
- News/announcement: "New Banana Cultivar Resists Black Sigatoka Disease"
- Direct benefit: "Reduce Post-Harvest Losses by Half with These Storage Methods"
What to Avoid in Headlines
- Clever wordplay the reader won't get
- Headlines that could apply to any topic (too generic)
- ALL CAPS for entire headlines (harder to read)
- Clickbait that the content cannot deliver on
The Lede (Opening)
Your first 10 words are more important than the next 10,000. The lede must sell the reader on continuing.
Lede Rules
- No throat-clearing. Do not warm up, set the scene, or provide background before the point. Get to the substance in the first sentence.
- Maximum 11 words in the opening paragraph (Ogilvy's rule). Short opening paragraphs draw the eye in.
- Lead with the most important information. Use the inverted pyramid who, what, where, when, why first. Details follow in descending order of importance.
- Create a reason to keep reading. The lede either promises useful information, provokes curiosity, or states something surprising.
Lede Types
- News lede: State the key fact. "BIRDC has released three new banana cultivars resistant to Fusarium TR4."
- Problem lede: Name the reader's pain. "Post-harvest banana losses in East Africa exceed 40% most of it preventable."
- Story lede: Brief, vivid scene (2-3 sentences max, then get to the point). "A farmer in Bushenyi watched half her harvest rot in three days. The cause was a storage mistake that costs Uganda millions annually."
- Question lede: Ask what the reader is already wondering. "What makes East African highland bananas different from every other cultivar on the planet?"
Ledes to Avoid
- Starting with "In today's world..." or "Since the dawn of time..."
- Background history before the point
- Definitions from the dictionary
- Throat-clearing: "This article will explore..." or "It is important to note that..."
Readability
Write at a reading level your audience can easily absorb. For general web audiences, target grade 8 readability (Gunning Fog Index of 8).
The Fog Index Formula
Fog Index = 0.4 x (average words per sentence + percentage of words with 3+ syllables)
- Target: 8 or below for general audiences
- 10-12 for educated professional audiences
- Above 12 means you are losing readers
Readability Rules
- Short sentences. Average 15-20 words per sentence. Mix lengths some 5-word sentences, some 25-word, but never above 30.
- Short paragraphs. 1-4 sentences. One idea per paragraph. A single-sentence paragraph is powerful.
- Short words. Prefer one- and two-syllable words. "Use" not "utilise." "Help" not "facilitate." "Start" not "commence."
- Active voice. "The farmer harvested the crop" not "The crop was harvested by the farmer."
- Concrete nouns and strong verbs. "Banana yields dropped 30%" not "There was a significant reduction in production output."
- Cut mercilessly. If a word adds nothing, delete it. "In order to" "to." "At this point in time" "now." "Due to the fact that" "because."
Words That Lose Readers
If readers must look up a word, you've interrupted the flow and may lose them entirely. Prefer the simple alternative:
| Instead of | Write |
|---|
| ameliorate | improve |
| commence | start, begin |
| endeavour | try |
| facilitate | help, enable |
| implement | do, carry out |
| subsequent | next, later |
| utilise | use |
| approximately | about |
| in the event that | if |
| with regard to | about |
Niche Vocabulary (Thematic Depth)
Every topic has essential words and phrases that naturally appear in expert-written content. Google and readers both recognise this "niche vocabulary" it signals authority and depth.
How to Use Niche Vocabulary
- Identify the core terms for your topic. For banana research, these might include: cultivar, Musa, highland banana, matooke, tissue culture, Fusarium, Black Sigatoka, post-harvest, value chain, smallholder, East African highland.
- Use them naturally. Do not force keywords. Write as an expert would the vocabulary emerges from genuine knowledge.
- Cover the topic thoroughly. A page on "banana tissue culture" that never mentions propagation, plantlets, sterile media, or acclimatisation looks thin to both readers and search engines.
- Different subtopics need different vocabulary. A page on banana diseases uses different core terms than a page on banana food products.
What NOT to Do
- Do not stuff keywords repeatedly (old SEO Google penalises this)
- Do not create separate pages for minor keyword variations (one thorough page beats five thin ones)
- Do not sacrifice readability for keyword inclusion
Scannable Formatting
Readers scan before they read. If scanning reveals nothing useful, they leave.
Formatting Rules
- Subheadings every 2-3 paragraphs. Subheads are the signposts readers should understand the page's content by reading only the subheads.
- Bullet points for lists of 3+ items. Bullets are faster to scan than embedded lists in prose.
- Bold key phrases within paragraphs the words a scanner's eye should catch.
- Pull quotes or callout boxes for critical statistics or insights.
- Images or visuals every 200-300 words to break up text and provide visual rest.
- Captions under images captions are read 2x more than body copy (Ogilvy).
- White space is content. Generous margins and padding help the eye focus.
Above the Fold
The content visible without scrolling must immediately answer: "Am I in the right place?" and "What's in it for me?" Place the strongest headline, the clearest value proposition, and (on landing pages) a CTA above the fold.
Unique Value Proposition
Every page must answer: Why should I read this instead of the hundred other pages on the same topic?
How to Create Unique Value
- Original data or research. Primary research that readers cannot find elsewhere.
- Expert perspective. Analysis, not just facts what does this mean for the reader?
- Practical application. Show how to apply the information, not just what it is.
- More thorough coverage. If competitors cover 5 points, cover 10 with more depth.
- Better formatting. A well-structured, scannable page beats a wall of text with the same information.
Never regurgitate information available elsewhere without adding a new angle, deeper analysis, or practical guidance. Content that merely restates existing material adds no value.
Features vs Benefits
Always translate features into reader benefits. Features describe what something is; benefits describe what it does for the reader.
| Feature | Benefit |
|---|
| Disease-resistant cultivar | Your crop survives when others fail |
| Tissue culture propagation | Uniform plants, faster establishment, guaranteed disease-free |
| 18-month research programme | Proven results before you invest |
| Laboratory-tested quality standards | Confidence that your product meets export requirements |
Rule: For every feature you mention, immediately follow with the benefit using "so that," "which means," or "this gives you."
Structure Templates
Blog Post / Article Structure
Headline (benefit-driven, specific)
Lede (1-2 short paragraphs hook + promise)
Context (why this matters now 1-2 paragraphs)
Main content (subheaded sections, each with:
- Subhead (tells the story on its own)
- 2-3 short paragraphs
- Bullet points where applicable
- Image/visual if relevant)
Takeaways (bulleted summary of key points)
CTA (what should the reader do next?)
Service/Product Page Structure
Headline (what it does for the reader)
Problem statement (the pain the reader has)
Solution overview (how this solves it 2-3 sentences)
Key benefits (3-5, bulleted, benefit language)
How it works (simple steps or process)
Evidence (data, testimonials, credentials)
CTA (clear next action)
About Page Structure
Mission statement (what you do and why it matters)
Story (brief origin problem you saw, what you did)
What makes you different (credentials, approach, values)
Team / People (humanise the organisation)
CTA (connect, partner, learn more)
Keeping Eyes Moving
Even strong prose needs visual help to keep readers engaged through the full page.
Visual Touchpoints
- Subheads the primary eye-catcher when attention drifts
- Bold text highlights key phrases within paragraphs
- Bulleted/numbered lists faster to scan than prose
- Images with captions captions read 2x more than body copy
- Pull quotes featured text that draws the eye
- Short paragraphs white space between paragraphs creates entry points
Paragraph Discipline
- Never write more than 3 paragraphs without a subhead
- Vary paragraph length (1 sentence, then 3 sentences, then 2)
- A one-sentence paragraph is powerful emphasis use it for key points
- Keep paragraphs to 4 lines maximum on screen
Writing Styles
Choose the appropriate voice for each piece:
- Journalistic/factual impartial, evidence-based, authoritative. Best for: research summaries, industry reports, technical content.
- Storytelling/personal real experience, named people, specific details. Best for: case studies, farmer success stories, about pages.
- Combined facts presented through a narrative lens with expert commentary. Best for: blog posts, innovation updates, most website copy.
The storytelling style builds trust because readers connect with real experiences. But it must always serve the content never use story as padding.
Takeaways
End substantial content (blog posts, articles, long pages) with bulleted takeaways:
- Summarise the 3-5 most important points
- Each takeaway should stand alone useful even without reading the full piece
- Busy readers may only read the headline and takeaways make both complete
Content Quality Checklist
Before publishing any page or post, verify:
Integration with Other Skills
This skill is cross-cutting it applies alongside:
- language-standards tone, grammar, and formality per language (British English, formal French, East African Kiswahili)
- premium-commercial-writing premium commercial purpose, differentiation, proof, objection handling, CTA logic, and SEO/AI-search visibility for high-stakes copy
- page-builder implements these writing standards in Astro page content
- seo headlines and niche vocabulary directly support search visibility
- brand-alignment content voice must match brand identity
- sector-strategies industry-specific content angles and trust signals
Evidence Produced
| Evidence | Format | Acceptance condition |
|---|
| Reader-ready content draft decision trace | Sources, calculations, assumptions, countercase, and selected action | A reviewer can trace the selected action and rejected alternatives to the cited inputs. |
| Exception record | Failed and not-assessed checks with owner and due action | The register exposes every unresolved exception that could lead to polishing generic copy that lacks proof or a usable next step. |
Capability and Permission Boundaries
Read supplied records and use non-mutating checks to produce the reader-ready content draft; editing supplied copy without publishing it is permitted when requested. Do not publish, contact third parties, alter live systems, commit funds, or claim legal, tax, audit, valuation, ESG, or investment assurance without the owner's explicit authorisation and the appropriate reviewer.
Degraded Mode
If page purpose, reader task, facts, voice, and conversion path cannot be obtained, return a qualified reader-ready content draft covering only the checks that remain supportable. Leave this decision unresolved: which structure and language help the reader complete the task. Record the evidence owner and next check; an inaccessible source, tool, or reviewer is never a pass.
Decision Rules
| Decision condition | Action | Failure or risk avoided |
|---|
| Evidence is sufficient to decide: which structure and language help the reader complete the task | Record the conclusion, source trail, owner, and review trigger in the reader-ready content draft. | Risk of polishing generic copy that lacks proof or a usable next step |
| Material evidence conflicts or remains uncertain | Test the competing structure against the reader's task and required next action, keeping the shorter version when both carry the same proof. | Selecting an option without resolving the decision-relevant uncertainty |
| Required evidence is missing: page purpose, reader task, facts, voice, and conversion path | Mark the decision on which structure and language help the reader complete the task not assessed in the reader-ready content draft, and send it to the editor and page owner. | Otherwise, the work risks polishing generic copy that lacks proof or a usable next step |
Quality Standards
Accept the reader-ready content draft only when evidence is sufficient for this decision: which structure and language help the reader complete the task. Assumptions and countercases remain visible, calculations and cross-references reconcile, and the reviewer can see how the recommendation addresses the risk of polishing generic copy that lacks proof or a usable next step.
Worked Example
A landing page lists twelve features before explaining the buyer's task. Reorder it around the problem, supported outcome, objections, and next action; remove claims the source pack cannot prove.
References
AGENTS.md - repository routing, evidence, finance, and release rules.
