styling

name	styling
description	Implement production styling systems with Tailwind CSS, vanilla CSS, or CSS-in-JS. Covers CSS architecture (BEM, utility-first, modules), design tokens, responsive patterns, animation systems, dark mode, container queries, print styles, and performance optimization. Use when implementing designs or building CSS architectures.

Styling Systems

CSS Architecture Options

Approach	Best For	Trade-offs
Tailwind CSS	Rapid prototyping, team consistency	Verbose HTML, build dependency
CSS Modules	Component-scoped, no conflicts	File-per-component overhead
Vanilla CSS + Custom Props	Maximum control, no build tools	Requires discipline
styled-components	Dynamic styles, CSS-in-JS	Runtime cost, SSR complexity

Design Tokens (CSS Custom Properties)

:root {
  /* Colors (HSL for easy manipulation) */
  --color-primary: hsl(262 83% 58%);
  --color-primary-hover: hsl(262 83% 52%);
  --color-success: hsl(142 71% 45%);
  --color-warning: hsl(38 92% 50%);
  --color-danger: hsl(0 84% 60%);

  --color-bg: hsl(0 0% 100%);
  --color-surface: hsl(0 0% 98%);
  --color-text: hsl(240 10% 4%);
  --color-text-muted: hsl(240 5% 46%);
  --color-border: hsl(240 6% 90%);

  /* Spacing (4px base) */
  --space-1: 0.25rem;  --space-2: 0.5rem;   --space-3: 0.75rem;
  --space-4: 1rem;     --space-6: 1.5rem;    --space-8: 2rem;
  --space-12: 3rem;    --space-16: 4rem;     --space-24: 6rem;

  /* Typography */
  --font-sans: 'Inter', system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
  --font-mono: 'JetBrains Mono', 'Fira Code', monospace;
  --text-xs: 0.75rem;   --text-sm: 0.875rem;   --text-base: 1rem;
  --text-lg: 1.125rem;  --text-xl: 1.25rem;    --text-2xl: 1.5rem;

  /* Shadows */
  --shadow-sm: 0 1px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.05);
  --shadow-md: 0 4px 6px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
  --shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px -3px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
  --shadow-xl: 0 20px 25px -5px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);

  /* Radius */
  --radius-sm: 0.375rem;  --radius-md: 0.5rem;
  --radius-lg: 0.75rem;   --radius-xl: 1rem;
  --radius-full: 9999px;

  /* Transitions */
  --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0.16, 1, 0.3, 1);
  --duration-fast: 150ms;
  --duration-normal: 250ms;
}

/* Dark mode override */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
  :root {
    --color-bg: hsl(240 10% 4%);
    --color-surface: hsl(240 10% 6%);
    --color-text: hsl(0 0% 98%);
    --color-text-muted: hsl(240 5% 65%);
    --color-border: hsl(240 4% 16%);
  }
}

Responsive Design

Mobile-First Breakpoints

/* Mobile: default */
/* Tablet: min-width: 768px */
/* Desktop: min-width: 1024px */
/* Wide: min-width: 1280px */

.container {
  width: 100%;
  max-width: 1280px;
  margin-inline: auto;
  padding-inline: var(--space-4);
}

@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .container { padding-inline: var(--space-6); }
}

Modern Layout Patterns

/* Auto-responsive grid — no media queries needed */
.auto-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill, minmax(min(300px, 100%), 1fr));
  gap: var(--space-6);
}

/* Sidebar layout that collapses on mobile */
.sidebar-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  gap: var(--space-6);
}
@media (min-width: 768px) {
  .sidebar-layout { grid-template-columns: 280px 1fr; }
}

Animation System

/* Reusable animation keyframes */
@keyframes fadeIn { from { opacity: 0; } to { opacity: 1; } }
@keyframes slideUp { from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(12px); } to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); } }
@keyframes scaleIn { from { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.95); } to { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); } }

/* Utility classes */
.animate-fade-in { animation: fadeIn var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-out); }
.animate-slide-up { animation: slideUp var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-out); }
.animate-scale-in { animation: scaleIn var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-out); }

/* Respect user preferences */
@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  *, *::before, *::after {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

Component Patterns

Button System

.btn {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  gap: var(--space-2);
  padding: var(--space-2) var(--space-4);
  font-size: var(--text-sm);
  font-weight: 500;
  border-radius: var(--radius-md);
  border: 1px solid transparent;
  cursor: pointer;
  transition: all var(--duration-fast) var(--ease-out);
}
.btn:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--color-primary);
  outline-offset: 2px;
}
.btn-primary {
  background: var(--color-primary);
  color: white;
}
.btn-primary:hover { background: var(--color-primary-hover); }
.btn-ghost {
  background: transparent;
  color: var(--color-text);
}
.btn-ghost:hover { background: var(--color-surface); }

CSS Container Queries

.card-container { container-type: inline-size; }

@container (min-width: 400px) {
  .card { flex-direction: row; }
}
@container (max-width: 399px) {
  .card { flex-direction: column; }
}

Rules

• Use CSS custom properties for ALL colors, spacing, and typography
• Mobile-first: default styles = mobile, add media queries for larger
• Consistent spacing scale — never arbitrary values
• prefers-reduced-motion on ALL animations
• Focus-visible rings on ALL interactive elements
• Never use !important — fix specificity instead
• Use clamp() for fluid typography
• Use logical properties (margin-inline, padding-block)