background-work-optimization

name	background-work-optimization
description	Schedule, batch, and constrain background work with WorkManager, BGTaskScheduler, and push-over-poll patterns to minimize battery and data cost.

Background Work Optimization

Instructions

Background work is where undisciplined apps burn battery and wake radios. Modern iOS and Android both expect you to declare constraints and let the OS pick the best moment to run. This skill covers how to convert ad-hoc background work into OS-friendly, batched, constraint-aware jobs.

1. Choose the Right Primitive

Android:

Need	Use
Deferred, guaranteed, constrained	WorkManager
Exact, wall-clock wake (rare)	AlarmManager.setExactAndAllowWhileIdle (only with user-visible UI)
Ongoing service user expects (music)	ForegroundService with proper foreground type
Data sync when idle + charging	WorkManager with requiresCharging(true)
Real-time updates	FCM / WebSocket kept alive by the OS, not polling

iOS:

Need	Use
Deferred data refresh	BGAppRefreshTaskRequest
Longer ML / sync job	BGProcessingTaskRequest
"Wake me when event happens"	Silent push (content-available: 1) + short handler
Background download	URLSession.background(withIdentifier:)
Ongoing (audio, nav, VoIP)	Background mode in Info.plist

2. WorkManager Patterns (Android)

Register a unique periodic job — de-dup across reinstalls:

val constraints = Constraints.Builder()
    .setRequiredNetworkType(NetworkType.UNMETERED)
    .setRequiresBatteryNotLow(true)
    .setRequiresStorageNotLow(true)
    .build()

val req = PeriodicWorkRequestBuilder<SyncWorker>(6, TimeUnit.HOURS)
    .setConstraints(constraints)
    .setBackoffCriteria(BackoffPolicy.EXPONENTIAL, 30, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
    .build()

WorkManager.getInstance(ctx).enqueueUniquePeriodicWork(
    uniqueWorkName = "feed-sync",
    existingPeriodicWorkPolicy = ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.KEEP,
    request = req,
)

Rules:

• Never chain > 3 workers — chain explosions cause unclear failure modes.
• Use CoroutineWorker for suspend functions; return Result.retry() on transient failures, Result.failure() on permanent ones.
• Avoid ExpeditedWorkRequest for non-urgent work — it burns the app's foreground quota.

3. BGTaskScheduler Patterns (iOS)

Info.plist → BGTaskSchedulerPermittedIdentifiers:

<array>
  <string>com.example.app.refresh</string>
  <string>com.example.app.processing</string>
</array>

Register and schedule:

func registerHandlers() {
    BGTaskScheduler.shared.register(
        forTaskWithIdentifier: "com.example.app.refresh",
        using: nil
    ) { task in
        self.handle(task: task as! BGAppRefreshTask)
    }
}

func scheduleAppRefresh() {
    let req = BGAppRefreshTaskRequest(identifier: "com.example.app.refresh")
    req.earliestBeginDate = Date(timeIntervalSinceNow: 60 * 60)
    try? BGTaskScheduler.shared.submit(req)
}

func handle(task: BGAppRefreshTask) {
    let op = SyncOperation()
    task.expirationHandler = { op.cancel() }
    op.completionBlock = { task.setTaskCompleted(success: !op.isCancelled) }
    OperationQueue().addOperation(op)
    scheduleAppRefresh()   // re-schedule for next cycle
}

4. Replace Polling with Push

Polling eats battery; push costs almost nothing when the OS manages the socket. Replace:

// BAD — 30 s polling loop
setInterval(fetchMessages, 30_000);

With an FCM / APNs silent push that triggers a short fetch only when something changed. For RN, use @react-native-firebase/messaging; for native, the platform SDK.

5. Batching Requests

Group small requests to reduce radio wake costs. One request / 30 s is ~10× worse than ten requests once every 5 min.

Pattern: coalesce by debouncing "dirty" state and flushing in one network round-trip:

private val pending = MutableSharedFlow<Change>(extraBufferCapacity = 64)

init {
    pending
        .buffer(Channel.UNLIMITED)
        .debounce(500.milliseconds)
        .onEach { changes -> api.flushBatch(changes) }
        .launchIn(scope)
}

6. Respect Doze, App Standby, Low Power Mode

• Android: assume the device is in Doze at night. Do not rely on alarms that fire during Doze.
• iOS: Low Power Mode disables BGAppRefresh. Observe NSProcessInfo.isLowPowerModeEnabled; pause optional animations, video prefetch, high-res downloads.

NotificationCenter.default.addObserver(
    forName: .NSProcessInfoPowerStateDidChange, object: nil, queue: .main
) { _ in
    if ProcessInfo.processInfo.isLowPowerModeEnabled { reducePrefetch() }
}

7. Make Retries Cheap

Retries on failure must back off exponentially and respect Retry-After. A naïve retry storm after an outage is a frequent cause of "why did battery die after the server came back up?"

const delay = (attempt: number) => Math.min(2 ** attempt * 1000 + jitter(), 60_000);

8. Verify

• Android: adb shell dumpsys jobscheduler shows scheduled, pending, and running jobs.
• iOS: Debugger → Simulate Background Fetch in Xcode; log BGTaskScheduler.shared.pendingTaskRequests.
• Dashboards: rate of wakeups per user per hour; foreground CPU time; radio-on time.

Checklist

• WorkManager / BGTaskScheduler used for all deferred work.
• All jobs have constraints (network type, battery, charging) when applicable.
• Polling replaced with push where real-time is needed.
• Request batching / debouncing in place for "dirty state" flushes.
• Low Power Mode / Battery Saver observed and non-essential work paused.
• Retries are exponential with jitter and Retry-After respected.
• Background wakeup and CPU time telemetry in the dashboard.