Adds retry-with-backoff, Retry-After handling, and client-side throttling so a caller stays under an upstream API's rate limits instead of hammering it. Use when you call a rate-limited or quota-enforced third-party API, see 429 or 503 responses or Retry-After headers, or have a worker fleet that needs to share one upstream's quota. Do NOT use to fail fast when a dependency is down — use circuit-breaker-builder instead; do NOT use to scaffold the HTTP client itself — use api-client-generator instead.
Installation
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Adds retry-with-backoff, Retry-After handling, and client-side throttling so a caller stays under an upstream API's rate limits instead of hammering it. Use when you call a rate-limited or quota-enforced third-party API, see 429 or 503 responses or Retry-After headers, or have a worker fleet that needs to share one upstream's quota. Do NOT use to fail fast when a dependency is down — use circuit-breaker-builder instead; do NOT use to scaffold the HTTP client itself — use api-client-generator instead.
Rate Limit Handler
Stay under an upstream's quota by backing off cooperatively, obeying what the server tells you, and de-synchronizing your fleet — retrying harder is how a transient limit becomes an outage.
Workflow
Classify the response before reacting. Retry only on 429, 502, 503, 504, and connection/timeout errors. Never retry 400, 401, 403, 404, or 422 — they will fail identically. Retry only idempotent or idempotency-keyed operations; a bare non-idempotent POST can duplicate effects.
Honor the server first. If the response carries Retry-After, obey it exactly and skip local backoff math — parse both the delta-seconds and the HTTP-date form. Read X-RateLimit-Remaining and X-RateLimit-Reset proactively and slow down as remaining approaches zero rather than waiting to be rejected.
Back off with full jitter when there is no Retry-After. Compute delay = base * 2^attempt, clamp it to a max (e.g. 30–60s), then sleep a uniform random value between 0 and that clamped cap — not the cap itself. Full jitter is what de-synchronizes many clients retrying the same downed service.
Bound the retries. Cap both the attempt count (e.g. 5) and the total elapsed budget so a request fails fast instead of hanging a caller for minutes. Surface the final failure to the caller; do not swallow it.
Throttle proactively with a token bucket. Put a client-side limiter sized to the published quota in front of the API so bursts are smoothed and you stay under the limit by design rather than reacting to 429s. When many workers hit one upstream, back the bucket with a shared store (e.g. Redis) so the aggregate rate — not the per-process rate — stays bounded.
Make it observable. Emit metrics for retry count, backoff duration, and 429 rate. A rising 429 rate is the early signal to lower concurrency or request a quota increase before users see errors.
Quality bar
No fixed-delay or no-jitter retry loop survives — every backoff path applies jitter.
Retry-After always wins over computed backoff.
Every retry path is bounded by both attempt count and total time budget.
Non-idempotent operations are never retried without an idempotency key.
The 4xx set above is never retried.
Do NOT
Do NOT retry on 4xx client errors (except 429) — the request is malformed or unauthorized and will fail again.
Do NOT use fixed or cap-only backoff — synchronized clients recreate the thundering herd you are trying to avoid.
Do NOT retry forever or without a total-time budget.
Do NOT enforce per-process limits when a fleet shares one quota — the aggregate will still blow the limit.
Do NOT add the full backoff-plus-bucket stack to a single best-effort background call; let it fail and move on, and reserve the machinery for hot paths and high-volume integrations.
