swarm-messaging

name	swarm-messaging
description	Set up real-time messaging on Swarm with GSOC (many-to-one, e.g. chat or notifications) or PSS (point-to-point, optionally encrypted, offline-capable), via bee-js. Covers mining keys, sending, subscribing, full-node requirements, and mutable-stamp needs. Use for chat, notifications, webhooks, or private peer-to-peer messages.
user-invocable	true

Real-Time Messaging (GSOC & PSS)

Guide a developer through setting up real-time messaging on Swarm. Two protocols available depending on the use case.

Formatting

When presenting to the user, use consistent labels before each code block:

• Run in your terminal: — a command the user should execute
• Expected output: — example of what a successful result looks like
• Save as filename: — file contents the user should write to disk

Add a --- horizontal rule before each labeled code block to visually separate it from surrounding text.

---

Before Starting (run immediately)

Run these checks now and narrate each in a short line — say what you're checking, run it (don't paste the command), report the result. Don't pause for confirmation; these are read-only checks.

1. Say "Checking your Bee node…", then run curl -s http://localhost:1633/status | jq .beeMode. Fails → "✗ No Bee node running." and offer to walk through /swarm-setup-bee-interactive.
2. Say "Checking for a usable postage stamp…", then run swarm-cli stamp list. None usable → route to /swarm-stamps (stamps are required for GSOC sending).

What to Ask

1. What's the messaging pattern? Many-to-one (notifications, chat) → GSOC. Point-to-point (private messages) → PSS.

Note: GSOC and PSS are currently only supported via bee-js. swarm-cli does not have messaging commands.

Which Protocol?

	GSOC	PSS
Pattern	Many writers → one service node	Point-to-point
Encryption	No (plain data)	Optional (recipient's public key)
Service node	Must be full node	Must be full node (to subscribe)
Writer node	Light or full	Light or full
Offline delivery	No	Yes — messages sync as chunks
Use cases	Chat rooms, notifications, webhooks	Private messages, encrypted comms

Prerequisites

• GSOC: Service node must be a full node. Stamps must be mutable (immutable: false).
• PSS: Receiving node must be a full node.
• npm install @ethersphere/bee-js

GSOC (Graffiti Single Owner Chunk)

Many-to-one messaging. Multiple writer nodes send messages to a single service node.

Service node — mine key and listen

import { Bee, NULL_IDENTIFIER } from '@ethersphere/bee-js'

const bee = new Bee('http://localhost:1633')

// Mine a GSOC key for this node's overlay
const addresses = await bee.getNodeAddresses()
const privateKey = bee.gsocMine(addresses.overlay, NULL_IDENTIFIER, 12)
console.log('Overlay:', addresses.overlay.toHex())
console.log('Public key:', privateKey.publicKey().toCompressedHex())

// Subscribe to messages
const subscription = bee.gsocSubscribe(
  privateKey.publicKey().address(),
  NULL_IDENTIFIER,
  {
    onMessage: message => console.log('Received:', message.toUtf8()),
    onError: err => console.error('Error:', err),
    onClose: () => console.log('Subscription closed'),
  }
)

// To stop listening:
// subscription.cancel()

Share the public key and overlay address with writer nodes.

Writer node — send messages

Note: The writer uses port 1643, assuming a separate Bee node. If testing on a single machine, start a second node with --api-addr 127.0.0.1:1643 --p2p-addr :1644 --data-dir ~/.bee2. For single-node testing, use http://localhost:1633 instead.

import { Bee, NULL_IDENTIFIER } from '@ethersphere/bee-js'

const bee = new Bee('http://localhost:1643')
const TARGET_OVERLAY = '<SERVICE_NODE_OVERLAY>'

// Mine the same GSOC key using the service node's overlay
const privateKey = bee.gsocMine(TARGET_OVERLAY, NULL_IDENTIFIER, 12)

// Send a message
const message = JSON.stringify({ name: 'Alice', body: 'Hello!' })
await bee.gsocSend(batchId, privateKey, NULL_IDENTIFIER, message)

Important: Use mutable postage stamps for GSOC. Immutable stamps fill up after just a few messages because each update uses the same batch bucket slot.

GSOC key methods

Method	Purpose
bee.gsocMine(overlay, identifier, proximity)	Mine a private key for a target overlay
bee.gsocSend(batchId, signer, identifier, data)	Send a message
bee.gsocSubscribe(address, identifier, handler)	Listen for messages (returns subscription with .cancel())

PSS (Postal Service on Swarm)

Point-to-point messaging. Messages are disguised as normal Swarm chunks — they arrive even if the recipient was offline when sent.

Subscribe to messages

import { Bee, Topic } from '@ethersphere/bee-js'

const bee = new Bee('http://localhost:1633')
const topic = Topic.fromString('my-topic')

// Continuous subscription.
// In bee-js 12.x all three handlers are required — omitting onClose throws
// "Expected function for onClose, got: undefined".
bee.pssSubscribe(topic, {
  onMessage: msg => console.log('Received:', msg.toUtf8()),
  onError: err => console.error('Error:', err.message),
  onClose: () => console.log('Subscription closed'),
})

One-time receive (with timeout)

// Wait up to 3 hours for a single message
const message = await bee.pssReceive(topic, 1000 * 60 * 60 * 3)
console.log('Received:', message.toUtf8())

Send a message

Note: Uses port 1643 (separate sender node). See GSOC writer note above for single-machine setup.

import { Bee, Topic, Utils } from '@ethersphere/bee-js'

const bee = new Bee('http://localhost:1643')
const topic = Topic.fromString('my-topic')
const recipientOverlay = '<RECIPIENT_OVERLAY_ADDRESS>'
const target = Utils.makeMaxTarget(recipientOverlay)

// Unencrypted
await bee.pssSend(batchId, topic, target, 'Hello from light node!')

// Encrypted (with recipient's PSS public key)
const recipientPssPublicKey = '<RECIPIENT_PSS_PUBLIC_KEY>'
await bee.pssSend(batchId, topic, target, 'Secret message', recipientPssPublicKey)

Get recipient info

The sender needs the recipient's overlay address (and optionally PSS public key for encryption):

const addresses = await bee.getNodeAddresses()
console.log('Overlay:', addresses.overlay.toHex())
console.log('PSS Public Key:', addresses.pssPublicKey.toCompressedHex())

PSS methods

Method	Purpose
bee.pssSend(batchId, topic, target, data, publicKey?)	Send a message (optionally encrypted)
bee.pssSubscribe(topic, handler)	Subscribe to incoming messages
bee.pssReceive(topic, timeout)	Wait for one message
Utils.makeMaxTarget(overlay)	Create target prefix from overlay address

If Something Goes Wrong

Error	Fix
"stamp not usable"	Wait 2-3 minutes after buying
GSOC fills up fast	Must use mutable stamps (immutable: false)
PSS messages not arriving	Receiving node must be a full node
No messages received	Check overlay address and topic match between sender/receiver
Other errors	Route to /swarm-troubleshoot

Conceptual Questions

For any conceptual or technical question not covered by the steps above, invoke /swarm-docs to find the relevant authoritative source rather than answering from prior knowledge.

Reference

• GSOC docs: https://docs.ethswarm.org/docs/develop/tools-and-features/gsoc
• GSOC bee-js: https://bee-js.ethswarm.org/docs/gsoc/
• PSS docs: https://docs.ethswarm.org/docs/develop/tools-and-features/pss
• PSS bee-js: https://bee-js.ethswarm.org/docs/pss/