bio-hi-c-analysis-hichip-plac-loops

name	bio-hi-c-analysis-hichip-plac-loops
description	Calls significant loops from protein-directed and targeted 3C assays (HiChIP, PLAC-seq, Capture Hi-C/PCHi-C, ChIA-PET) where the contact background is peak-anchored and coverage-biased, so generic Hi-C loop callers (cooltools dots, Juicer HiCCUPS) use the wrong null. Covers FitHiChIP (config-driven coverage+distance-decay spline regression, peak-to-peak vs peak-to-all foreground, loose vs stringent background, coverage vs ICE bias), MAPS (positive Poisson regression on bias factors for PLAC-seq/HiChIP), hichipper (restriction-site-distance bias model + library QC), CHiCAGO (Delaporte two-component Brownian+technical background for asymmetric bait x other-end Capture Hi-C), the with/without separate-ChIP anchor decision, and differential loops via diffloop. Use when calling loops from HiChIP/PLAC-seq/Capture Hi-C, choosing FitHiChIP/MAPS/CHiCAGO, picking peak-to-all vs peak-to-peak, setting the loop FDR, supplying ChIP peaks as anchors, QCing a HiChIP library, or comparing loops between conditions.
tool_type	mixed
primary_tool	fithichip

Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: FitHiChIP 11.0+, MAPS 1.1+, hichipper 0.7+, CHiCAGO 1.20+ (Bioconductor 3.18+), HiC-Pro 3.1+, diffloop 1.18+ (Bioconductor 3.18+).

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• CLI: <tool> --version then <tool> --help to confirm flags
• FitHiChIP: read the shipped configfile comments; parameter names and defaults change between releases
• R: packageVersion('diffloop')/packageVersion('Chicago') then ?function to check signatures

FitHiChIP is driven entirely by a key=value config file passed with -C; the loop caller, background, and bias model are set there, not on the command line. MAPS, hichipper, and CHiCAGO each expect a specific upstream format (HiC-Pro valid pairs / .allValidPairs, or HiCUP+capture design files for CHiCAGO). If a tool errors, introspect the installed version's config/help and adapt the example rather than retrying.

Protein-Directed and Targeted 3C Loop Calling

"My HiChIP/PLAC-seq/Capture Hi-C has loops anchored at CTCF/H3K27ac/promoters - which contacts are real?" -> Call loops with a method whose null jointly models the per-anchor coverage bias AND the distance-decay, not the uniform/donut background that generic Hi-C callers assume.

• CLI: bash FitHiChIP_HiCPro.sh -C config_fithichip (HiChIP/PLAC-seq); edit and run run_pipeline.sh (MAPS; it invokes MAPS.py internally) for PLAC-seq/HiChIP
• R: runChicago(...) then PIRs at CHiCAGO score >= 5 (Capture Hi-C/PCHi-C); quickAssoc()/loopAssoc() (diffloop, differential)

The Single Most Important Modern Insight -- Generic Hi-C Loop Callers Use the Wrong Null on Peak-Anchored Data

Running cooltools dots or Juicer HiCCUPS on HiChIP, PLAC-seq, or Capture Hi-C is a documented error, not a shortcut. Those callers test each pixel against a local, roughly-uniform expected background (a donut/expected neighborhood) built for a genome-wide-uniform in-situ Hi-C map. Protein-directed and capture assays violate that assumption in the most consequential way possible: the antibody (or oligo capture) enriches contacts at the factor's binding sites, so 1D coverage is wildly non-uniform - an H3K27ac anchor can carry 100x the read depth of a flanking non-peak bin. A donut null reads that coverage spike as contact enrichment and calls a "loop" at every peak. The dedicated callers exist precisely to fix this, and they all share one move: regress out the per-anchor coverage bias before testing the distance-decayed contact frequency.

Three load-bearing consequences:

1. The hard part is 3C statistics, and it lives here; the peak-calling half lives in chip-seq. FitHiChIP/MAPS/CHiCAGO each fit a significance model (spline regression on coverage + genomic distance; positive Poisson regression on bias factors; a two-component Brownian+technical background). That model - not the antibody - is the deliverable. Anchor/peak calling (where the protein binds) is chip-seq's job (-> chip-seq/peak-calling); this skill consumes those peaks and produces FDR-controlled loops.

2. Protein-targeting buys depth efficiency, so loops are called at far lower total depth than Hi-C. HiChIP/PLAC-seq concentrate reads onto a small anchored sub-space, needing ~5-10 read pairs per interaction versus ~100-1000 for genome-wide Hi-C (Mumbach 2016: >10x more conformation-informative reads, >100x less input than ChIA-PET). A 100-200M-pair HiChIP library calls loops that would need billions of pairs in Hi-C - but only at the protein's anchors, and only with the right null.

3. "Peaks from the same data" is a circularity trap. When no separate ChIP-seq exists, HiChIP-derived peaks (hichipper, HiChIP-Peaks) are used as anchors - but calling peaks and loops from the same reads couples the two error structures. Prefer an independent ChIP-seq peak set as the anchor reference when one exists; if not, use a HiChIP-native peak caller and treat anchor confidence as part of the loop's uncertainty, not a given.

Method Taxonomy

Tool	Assay	Null / significance model	Anchors	When
FitHiChIP	HiChIP, PLAC-seq, (CHi-C, ChIA-PET)	spline regression of contact count on coverage bias AND genomic distance; loose (peak-to-all) vs stringent (peak-to-peak) background; coverage-bias or ICE-bias regression	ChIP/HiChIP peak file	default; recovers Hi-C/CHi-C/ChIA-PET contacts best (Bhattacharyya 2019); config-driven
MAPS	PLAC-seq, HiChIP	zero-truncated (positive) Poisson regression removing effective-fragment/GC/mappability AND ChIP-enrichment bias, then test normalized frequency at anchored bins	AND-set vs XOR-set anchored bins	model-based PLAC-seq/HiChIP, 4DN-adopted; two-step (bias model -> significance)
hichipper	HiChIP	background read density modeled as a function of proximity to restriction sites; loop strength + confidence per anchor	self-derived (restriction-aware)	restriction-aware QC + loop calling without separate ChIP; feeds diffloop
CHiCAGO	Capture Hi-C, PCHi-C	Delaporte two-component background: Brownian (distance-dependent, NB) + technical (distance-independent, Poisson), fit per bait; report PIRs at score >= 5	baited fragments (asymmetric bait x other-end)	promoter/region-capture; asymmetric design where dots cannot apply
HiChIP-Peaks	HiChIP	peak calling from HiChIP signal (not loop calling)	n/a (produces anchors)	when no separate ChIP exists and anchors must come from HiChIP itself
diffloop	any loop set (HiChIP/ChIA-PET)	edgeR-style count test on a union loop set across conditions	from the union set	differential looping between conditions (not a caller)

Decision Tree by Scenario

Scenario	Recommended	Why
HiChIP/PLAC-seq, have a separate ChIP-seq peak set	FitHiChIP with PeakFile= the ChIP peaks	independent anchors break the peak/loop circularity; FitHiChIP is the default
PLAC-seq/HiChIP, prefer a regression-model caller	MAPS	positive Poisson regression explicitly removes ChIP-enrichment bias
No separate ChIP; need anchors + library QC fast	hichipper (then FitHiChIP/diffloop)	restriction-aware, self-derives anchors, reports library quality
Capture Hi-C / Promoter-Capture Hi-C	CHiCAGO, PIRs at score >= 5	asymmetric bait x other-end; two-component per-bait background
H3K27ac/broad anchors, want sensitivity	FitHiChIP loose (peak-to-all) background	most contacts have at least one peak anchor
CTCF/cohesin sharp anchors, want specificity	FitHiChIP stringent (peak-to-peak) background	restricts foreground to peak-peak contacts
Compare loops between conditions	-> hic-differential context; quantify with diffloop / FitHiChIP DiffAnalysis	union anchors + count test, not pixel subtraction
Generic in-situ Hi-C (no protein/capture)	-> loop-calling (cooltools dots / chromosight)	uniform background is correct there; do NOT use it here
Anchors not yet called	-> chip-seq/peak-calling	peak calling is chip-seq's competency; this skill consumes peaks
Annotate loop anchors with TFs/genes	-> chip-seq/peak-annotation, atac-seq/enhancer-gene-linking	anchor-to-feature assignment lives there

FitHiChIP - Coverage + Distance Spline Regression (default)

Goal: Call FDR-controlled loops from a HiChIP/PLAC-seq library whose anchors are defined by an (ideally independent) ChIP-seq peak set.

Approach: FitHiChIP reads valid pairs (HiC-Pro format), bins them, fits a spline regression of contact count on BOTH the genomic-distance decay and the per-bin coverage bias, then assigns each candidate contact an FDR. Everything - resolution, foreground type, background, bias model, FDR - is set in a key=value config passed with -C; the command line itself takes no analysis parameters.

# config_fithichip (key=value; comments stripped). Run: bash FitHiChIP_HiCPro.sh -C config_fithichip
ValidPairs=sample.allValidPairs.gz   # HiC-Pro valid pairs (or set Matrix=/Interval= for matrix input)
PeakFile=chipseq_peaks.bed           # anchors; prefer an INDEPENDENT ChIP-seq peak set over HiChIP-derived
ChrSizeFile=hg38.chrom.sizes
OutDir=fithichip_out/
PREFIX=sample
BINSIZE=5000                          # 5kb: standard HiChIP anchor resolution (~2.5kb effective, hichipper)
LowDistThr=20000                      # 20kb floor: below this, contacts are dominated by self-ligation/diagonal
UppDistThr=2000000                    # 2Mb ceiling: loops beyond this are rare and noise-dominated
IntType=3                             # 3=peak-to-all (loose foreground); 1=peak-to-peak (stringent)
UseP2PBackgrnd=0                      # 0=loose (peak-to-all) background; 1=stringent (peak-to-peak) background
BiasType=1                            # 1=coverage-bias regression (default); 2=ICE-bias regression
MergeInt=1                            # merge adjacent significant contacts into one loop (recommended)
QVALUE=0.01                           # FDR cutoff for significant loops

IntType sets the foreground (which candidate contacts are tested); UseP2PBackgrnd sets the background the regression is fit against. The two together encode the loose-vs-stringent choice: peak-to-all foreground + loose background maximizes sensitivity for broad marks (H3K27ac); peak-to-peak foreground + stringent background maximizes specificity for sharp factors (CTCF/cohesin). Output significant loops land under a nested OutDir/FitHiChIP_Peak2ALL_b<bin>_L<low>_U<upp>/P2Pbckgr_<0|1>/.../ tree, in <PREFIX>.interactions_FitHiC_Q<QVALUE>.bed (and ..._MergeNearContacts.bed when MergeInt=1); locate it with find OutDir -name '*interactions_FitHiC_Q*.bed'.

MAPS - Positive Poisson Regression on Bias Factors

Goal: Call PLAC-seq/HiChIP loops with an explicit regression model that removes both the generic 3C biases and the ChIP-enrichment bias.

Approach: MAPS is a two-step pipeline: first fit a zero-truncated (positive) Poisson regression of observed contact counts on effective-fragment length, GC content, mappability, and ChIP-enrichment per bin; then test each anchored bin-pair's count against the model-normalized expectation, controlling FDR. It distinguishes AND anchors (both ends in a peak) from XOR anchors (one end), reflecting the peak-to-peak vs peak-to-all distinction.

# MAPS is driven by a COPIED run_pipeline.sh with key=value bash variables, not CLI flags.
# Edit run_pipeline_sample.sh, then run it: ./run_pipeline_sample.sh
bin_size=5000                              # 5kb anchor bin
binning_range=1000000                      # max interaction distance modeled
fdr=2                                       # -log10(FDR) cutoff; 2 means FDR <= 0.01
dataset_name='sample'
macs2_filepath='chipseq_peaks.narrowPeak'  # ChIP/HiChIP anchors
organism='hg38'                            # selects the bundled effective-length/GC/mappability bias track
# run_pipeline.sh runs feather (preprocessing) then MAPS.py (positive Poisson regression) internally

The model-based design is MAPS's signature: it does not subtract a local background; it predicts each bin-pair's expected count from the bias covariates and flags positive residuals. FitHiChIP and MAPS disagree substantially on the same data (the literature reports tens-of-thousands-loop differences at matched FDR) - the model assumptions differ, so report which caller and its settings.

CHiCAGO - Two-Component Background for Capture Hi-C

Goal: Call significant promoter-interacting regions (PIRs) from Capture Hi-C / PCHi-C, where oligo capture makes the map asymmetric (baited fragment x any other-end).

Approach: CHiCAGO fits a per-bait background with two components - a Brownian (distance-dependent, negative-binomial) term and a technical-noise (distance-independent, Poisson) term, convolved as a Delaporte distribution - then scores each bait-other-end pair as a weighted -log p-value; report other-ends above the conventional score threshold.

# Reference: Chicago 1.20+ (Bioconductor 3.18+) | Verify API if version differs
library(Chicago)

CHICAGO_SCORE <- 5   # conventional PIR threshold (Cairns 2016); soft 3-5 grey zone, >=5 = called
cd <- setExperiment(designDir = 'capture_design/')         # baitmap/rmap/NPB/NBaitsPB/proxOE from the capture design
cd <- readAndMerge(files = c('sample_rep1.chinput', 'sample_rep2.chinput'), cd = cd)
cd <- chicagoPipeline(cd)                                  # fits Brownian+technical background, scores all bait x other-end
exportResults(cd, file.path('chicago_out', 'sample'), format = 'washU_text')   # PIRs at score >= CHICAGO_SCORE

Neither cooltools dots nor FitHiChIP's symmetric model applies to Capture Hi-C: the bait-vs-other-end asymmetry and the per-bait normalization are the whole point. The capture design files (baitmap, rmap, and the precomputed NPB/NBaitsPB/proxOE from makeDesignFiles.py) encode which fragments were baited and the distance-binned background normalization.

Differential Loops with diffloop

Goal: Find loops that change strength between conditions, given per-condition loop call sets.

Approach: Build a UNION loop set across all samples, count the read pairs supporting each loop per replicate, then run an edgeR-style count test on the union set; there is no "DESeq2 for loops," so the union-then-count workflow is the standard.

# Reference: diffloop 1.18+ (Bioconductor 3.18+) | Verify API if version differs
library(diffloop)

loops <- loopsMake(beddir = 'hichipper_loops/')            # reads the hichipper-preprocessed loop directory
loops <- subsetLoops(loops, loops@rowData$loopWidth >= 20000)   # drop sub-20kb (self-ligation regime)
groups <- c('wt', 'wt', 'ko', 'ko')
loops <- updateLDGroups(loops, groups)
res <- quickAssoc(loops)   # two-group edgeR exact test on the union set; loopAssoc(loops, coef=, design=) for a GLM

diffloop pairs naturally with hichipper output. FitHiChIP also ships a differential-analysis script (DiffAnalysisHiChIP.r); either way the unit of comparison is a union anchor/loop set, not a per-pixel matrix subtraction (-> hic-differential for the matrix-level framing).

Per-Method Failure Modes

Generic dots/HiCCUPS on protein-directed data

Trigger: running cooltools dots or Juicer HiCCUPS on a HiChIP/PLAC-seq/Capture cooler. Mechanism: the donut/local-expected null assumes uniform coverage; antibody/capture enrichment spikes coverage at anchors. Symptom: a "loop" at essentially every peak; calls that do not reproduce across replicates. Fix: use FitHiChIP/MAPS (HiChIP/PLAC-seq) or CHiCAGO (Capture); they regress out coverage bias.

Anchors and loops from the same reads (circularity)

Trigger: HiChIP-derived peaks used as the FitHiChIP PeakFile when a separate ChIP-seq exists. Mechanism: peak and loop errors share a source, inflating apparent confidence at high-coverage anchors. Symptom: loops concentrate at the strongest coverage peaks regardless of biology. Fix: anchor on an independent ChIP-seq peak set; reserve HiChIP-native peaks for when no ChIP exists.

Wrong foreground/background pair for the mark

Trigger: stringent peak-to-peak background on a broad H3K27ac library, or loose on sharp CTCF. Mechanism: the foreground/background must match the anchor sharpness. Symptom: too few loops (over-stringent on broad marks) or noisy excess (over-loose on sharp factors). Fix: loose/peak-to-all for broad marks; stringent/peak-to-peak for CTCF/cohesin.

CHiCAGO design files mismatched to the capture

Trigger: baitmap/rmap or precomputed NPB/NBaitsPB/proxOE built for a different fragmentation or bait set. Mechanism: the per-bait background normalization depends on the exact capture design. Symptom: absurd scores or empty PIR lists. Fix: regenerate design files with makeDesignFiles.py from the actual rmap/baitmap.

Short-range contacts not excluded

Trigger: LowDistThr left at 0 / no distance floor. Mechanism: sub-20kb contacts are dominated by the diagonal, self-ligation, and re-ligation, not loops. Symptom: a wall of "loops" hugging the diagonal. Fix: set a distance floor (FitHiChIP LowDistThr=20000; equivalent in MAPS/CHiCAGO).

Chromosome-name mismatch across inputs

Trigger: chr1 in the valid pairs vs 1 in the peak/chrom-size file. Mechanism: anchors silently fail to intersect the contacts. Symptom: few or zero loops, no error. Fix: harmonize chromosome naming across valid pairs, PeakFile, and ChrSizeFile.

Quantitative Thresholds

Threshold	Source	Rationale
Loop resolution 5kb (HiChIP)	hichipper effective ~2.5kb (Lareau & Aryee 2018)	standard HiChIP anchor bin; finer needs more depth, coarser blurs anchors
Lower distance floor 20kb	FitHiChIP default; self-ligation/diagonal regime	below ~20kb contacts are dominated by religation/dangling/diagonal, not loops
Upper distance ceiling 2Mb	FitHiChIP default	loops beyond ~2Mb are rare and noise-dominated at typical HiChIP depth
Loop FDR (q) <= 0.01	FitHiChIP/MAPS default	genome-wide candidate-contact testing needs strict FDR; 0.05 acceptable for discovery
CHiCAGO PIR score >= 5	Cairns 2016 convention	weighted -log p threshold; 3-5 is a soft grey zone, >=5 is called
~5-10 read pairs per interaction	Mumbach 2016 (HiChIP efficiency)	protein-targeting lets loops be called at far lower depth than Hi-C
MAPS/FitHiChIP at 5-10kb, ~100-300M valid pairs	HiChIP depth practice	anchored sub-space is small, so usable loop resolution arrives well below Hi-C billions

Common Errors

Error / symptom	Cause	Solution
A loop at every peak; no replicate reproducibility	generic dots/HiCCUPS used on HiChIP/capture	switch to FitHiChIP/MAPS/CHiCAGO
FitHiChIP runs but finds almost nothing	over-stringent background on a broad mark, or wrong PeakFile	use loose/peak-to-all; verify the peak set matches the antibody
FitHiChIP PeakFile/ChrSizeFile error	missing mandatory config key or wrong path	every mandatory key (PeakFile, ChrSizeFile, OutDir) must be set
Few/zero loops, no error	chrom-name mismatch (chr1 vs 1) across inputs	harmonize naming across valid pairs, peaks, chrom sizes
CHiCAGO empty/absurd PIR list	design files mismatched to the capture	regenerate baitmap/rmap + NPB/NBaitsPB/proxOE with makeDesignFiles.py
diffloop loopsMake reads nothing	wrong bedpe directory or per-sample naming	point beddir at the per-sample hichipper loop bedpe files
Wall of diagonal-hugging loops	no lower distance threshold	set LowDistThr (FitHiChIP) / equivalent distance floor

References

• Mumbach MR, Rubin AJ, Flynn RA, Dai C, Khavari PA, Greenleaf WJ, Chang HY. 2016. HiChIP: efficient and sensitive analysis of protein-directed genome architecture. Nat Methods 13(11):919-922.
• Fang R, Yu M, Li G, Chee S, Liu T, Schmitt AD, Ren B. 2016. Mapping of long-range chromatin interactions by proximity ligation-assisted ChIP-seq. Cell Res 26:1345-1348.
• Bhattacharyya S, Chandra V, Vijayanand P, Ay F. 2019. Identification of significant chromatin contacts from HiChIP data by FitHiChIP. Nat Commun 10:4221.
• Juric I, Yu M, Abnousi A, Raviram R, Fang R, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Hu M, et al. 2019. MAPS: model-based analysis of long-range chromatin interactions from PLAC-seq and HiChIP experiments. PLoS Comput Biol 15(4):e1006982.
• Lareau CA, Aryee MJ. 2018. hichipper: a preprocessing pipeline for calling DNA loops from HiChIP data. Nat Methods 15:155-156.
• Cairns J, Freire-Pritchett P, Wingett SW, Varnai C, Dimond A, Plagnol V, Zerbino D, Schoenfelder S, Javierre BM, Osborne C, Fraser P, Spivakov M. 2016. CHiCAGO: robust detection of DNA looping interactions in Capture Hi-C data. Genome Biol 17:127.
• Lareau CA, Aryee MJ. 2018. diffloop: a computational framework for identifying and analyzing differential DNA loops from sequencing data. Bioinformatics 34(4):672-674.

Related Skills

• loop-calling - The bulk in-situ Hi-C counterpart (cooltools dots / chromosight); correct null there, wrong null here
• hic-differential - Matrix-level condition comparison framing behind differential loops
• contact-pairs - Produces the valid pairs (HiC-Pro / pairtools) these callers consume
• hic-data-io - Cooler handling of the contact maps upstream of anchored loop calling
• chip-seq/peak-calling - Calls the ChIP-seq peaks used as independent loop anchors
• chip-seq/peak-annotation - Annotate loop anchors with TFs/genes
• atac-seq/enhancer-gene-linking - Enhancer-promoter contacts complement HiChIP/PCHi-C loops
• genome-intervals/overlap-significance - Test loop-anchor enrichment at features against a structured null