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API 设计最佳实践 — RESTful / GraphQL / gRPC 选型、错误处理、认证授权、版本控制、限流分页
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| name | api-design-patterns |
| description | API 设计最佳实践 — RESTful / GraphQL / gRPC 选型、错误处理、认证授权、版本控制、限流分页 |
| category | software-development |
当用户需要：设计 API 接口、选择 API 风格、处理错误码、实现认证/授权、做 API 版本管理、设计分页/限流时使用。
| 维度 | REST | GraphQL | gRPC |
|---|---|---|---|
| 数据获取 | 多端点，固定结构 | 单端点，按需查询 | 强类型 Protobuf |
| 性能 | 缓存友好 | 避免 over/under-fetching | 最高性能 (HTTP/2) |
| 实时 | 需 WebSocket/SSE | Subscription | 双向流 |
| 学习曲线 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
| 适用场景 | 公共 API / CRUD | 复杂前端 / 多端 | 内部微服务通信 |
| 工具链 | OpenAPI/Swagger | Apollo/Relay | buf/protoc |
# 资源命名: 名词复数，kebab-case
GET /api/v1/users # 列表
GET /api/v1/users/{id} # 详情
POST /api/v1/users # 创建
PUT /api/v1/users/{id} # 全量更新
PATCH /api/v1/users/{id} # 部分更新
DELETE /api/v1/users/{id} # 删除
# 嵌套资源 (最多2层)
GET /api/v1/users/{id}/orders
GET /api/v1/users/{id}/orders/{orderId}
# 操作型端点 (非 CRUD)
POST /api/v1/users/{id}/activate
POST /api/v1/orders/{id}/cancel
200 OK → GET/PUT/PATCH 成功
201 Created → POST 创建成功
204 No Content → DELETE 成功
400 Bad Request → 参数校验失败
401 Unauthorized → 未认证
403 Forbidden → 无权限
404 Not Found → 资源不存在
409 Conflict → 资源冲突 (重复创建)
422 Unprocessable → 业务规则校验失败
429 Too Many Requests → 限流
500 Internal Error → 服务端错误
502 Bad Gateway → 上游服务故障
503 Service Unavailable → 服务不可用
{
"type": "https://api.example.com/errors/validation-error",
"title": "Validation Error",
"status": 422,
"detail": "The 'email' field must be a valid email address",
"instance": "/api/v1/users",
"errors": [
{
"field": "email",
"message": "必须是有效的邮箱地址",
"code": "INVALID_EMAIL_FORMAT"
}
],
"traceId": "abc-123-def-456"
}
// Cursor-based (推荐，适合大数据集)
GET /api/v1/users?cursor=eyJpZCI6MTAwfQ&limit=20
{
"data": [...],
"pagination": {
"hasNext": true,
"nextCursor": "eyJpZCI6MTIwfQ",
"prevCursor": "eyJpZCI6ODB9",
"limit": 20
}
}
// Offset-based (适合小数据集/后台管理)
GET /api/v1/users?page=2&per_page=20
{
"data": [...],
"pagination": {
"page": 2,
"per_page": 20,
"total": 500,
"total_pages": 25
}
}
# 过滤
GET /api/v1/users?status=active&role=admin&created_after=2025-01-01
# 排序
GET /api/v1/users?sort=-created_at,name # - 前缀表示降序
# 字段选择 (减少传输)
GET /api/v1/users?fields=id,name,email
# 搜索
GET /api/v1/users?q=john&search_fields=name,email
| 方案 | 适用场景 | 优点 | 缺点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| JWT | SPA / 移动端 / 微服务 | 无状态，自包含 | 无法主动失效，体积大 |
| Session + Cookie | 传统 Web | 服务端可控，安全性好 | 需共享 Session 存储 |
| OAuth 2.0 + OIDC | 第三方登录 / SSO | 标准化，生态好 | 实现复杂 |
| API Key | 内部服务 / 简单集成 | 简单 | 粒度粗，无法携带用户信息 |
Header: Authorization: Bearer <token>
Payload Claims:
{
"sub": "user-id-123", // Subject
"iss": "auth.example.com", // Issuer
"aud": "api.example.com", // Audience
"exp": 1735689600, // Expiration (短期: 15min)
"iat": 1735688700, // Issued At
"jti": "unique-token-id", // JWT ID (用于黑名单)
"roles": ["admin", "user"], // 自定义 claims
"permissions": ["read:users", "write:orders"]
}
# 安全措施:
# 1. Access Token 短期 (15min) + Refresh Token 长期 (7d)
# 2. 使用 RS256 (非对称) 而非 HS256 (对称)
# 3. 敏感操作需重新验证
# 4. Refresh Token 单次使用 (Rotation)
# 权限 = 操作 + 资源
permissions = {
"admin": ["read:*", "write:*", "delete:*"],
"editor": ["read:*", "write:posts", "write:comments"],
"viewer": ["read:*"],
}
# API 中间件检查
@require_permission("write:users")
def create_user(request):
...
# 1. URL 路径 (推荐，最清晰)
/api/v1/users
/api/v2/users
# 2. 请求头 (优雅但调试不便)
Accept: application/vnd.myapi.v1+json
# 3. 查询参数 (简单但不标准)
/api/users?version=1
# 推荐: URL 路径 + 向后兼容 + Deprecation Header
Deprecation: true
Sunset: Sat, 01 Jan 2027 00:00:00 GMT
Link: </api/v2/users>; rel="successor-version"
# 1. 固定窗口 (简单)
100 requests / minute
# 2. 滑动窗口 (更精确)
100 requests / sliding 60 seconds
# 3. 令牌桶 (允许突发)
bucket: 100 tokens, refill: 10/sec
# 4. 漏桶 (平滑输出)
capacity: 100, leak rate: 10/sec
X-RateLimit-Limit: 100
X-RateLimit-Remaining: 42
X-RateLimit-Reset: 1735689660
Retry-After: 30 # 429 时返回
# 用 Relay 风格的 Connection 实现分页
type UserConnection {
edges: [UserEdge!]!
pageInfo: PageInfo!
totalCount: Int!
}
type UserEdge {
node: User!
cursor: String!
}
type PageInfo {
hasNextPage: Boolean!
hasPreviousPage: Boolean!
startCursor: String
endCursor: String
}
# Mutation 返回操作结果
type CreateUserPayload {
user: User
errors: [UserError!]
}
type UserError {
field: [String!]!
message: String!
}
# 避免 N+1: 使用 DataLoader
# 复杂度限制: 防止恶意查询
openapi: "3.1.0"
info:
title: My API
version: "1.0.0"
description: API description
servers:
- url: https://api.example.com/v1
description: Production
paths:
/users:
get:
operationId: listUsers
tags: [Users]
parameters:
- name: limit
in: query
schema: { type: integer, default: 20, maximum: 100 }
- name: cursor
in: query
schema: { type: string }
responses:
"200":
description: OK
content:
application/json:
schema:
type: object
properties:
data:
type: array
items: { $ref: "#/components/schemas/User" }
pagination: { $ref: "#/components/schemas/Pagination" }
components:
securitySchemes:
bearerAuth:
type: http
scheme: bearer
bearerFormat: JWT
schemas:
User:
type: object
required: [id, name, email]
properties:
id: { type: string, format: uuid }
name: { type: string, minLength: 1, maxLength: 100 }
email: { type: string, format: email }