ai-vcr-test

name	ai-vcr-test
description	Build and use the VCR (Video Cassette Recorder) test caching system for AI integration tests. Use when adding new AI tests, converting existing RUN_LIVE_INTEGRATION tests to cached replay, or managing cassette recordings.
argument-hint	<suite-name>

AI VCR Test Caching

Cache expensive AI/LLM calls as deterministic cassettes so integration tests run fast, offline, and free in CI while still hitting real APIs during recording.

Architecture

The VCR system has two layers:

1. Custom VCR (packages/testkit/src/vcr/) — Operation-level caching. Cache key is sha256(operationType + model + input + tools). Works for any expensive async operation: LLM completions, image generation, video renders, evals, embeddings. This is NOT HTTP-level interception — it wraps the operation function directly.
2. MSW (Mock Service Worker) — HTTP-level interception for precision testing: error scenarios (429, 500), rate limits, malformed responses, streaming edge cases, partial failures. Also powers withOpenRouterVcr() for HTTP-level recording when you need to capture raw request/response pairs.

VCR Modes

Controlled by the VCR_MODE environment variable:

Mode	Behavior	Default for
replay	Read cassette, fail if missing	CI
record	Always hit real API, overwrite cassette	Re-recording
record-missing	Replay if cassette exists, record if not	Local dev
passthrough	No caching, always hit real API	Debugging

Cache Key Design

The cache key is a deterministic SHA-256 hash of the operation's semantic inputs:

sha256(stableJsonStringify({ operationType, model, input, tools }))

This survives SDK upgrades, HTTP header changes, and transport-layer differences because it hashes the intent, not the wire format.

Cassette Path Convention

__cassettes__/<suiteName>/<operationName>-<hash>.json

Cassette directories live next to the test files, not in a central location. Example:

packages/infra/ai/src/__tests__/
  __cassettes__/
    otel-sequential/
      planner-call-a1b2c3d4.json
      critic-call-e5f6a7b8.json
      finalizer-call-c9d0e1f2.json
  otel-sequential.integration.test.ts

Scrubbing

Before writing cassettes, the scrubber strips secrets:

• Authorization headers → [REDACTED]
• OPENROUTER_API_KEY values → [REDACTED]
• Any key matching /key|secret|token|password/i in metadata → [REDACTED]

Configurable via ScrubRule[] passed to VCR options.

File Structure

packages/testkit/src/vcr/
  index.ts           — re-exports all public API
  types.ts           — CassetteEntry<T>, VcrMode, VcrOptions, ScrubRule
  hasher.ts          — deterministic sha256(stableJsonStringify(input))
  cassette-store.ts  — read/write cassettes as JSON to __cassettes__/
  scrubber.ts        — strip API keys/secrets from recorded responses
  with-vcr.ts        — core withVcr<T>() helper
  cli.ts             — cache manager CLI (vcr:clear, vcr:list)

Type Definitions (types.ts)

import type { Schema } from 'effect'

export type VcrMode = 'replay' | 'record' | 'record-missing' | 'passthrough'

export interface ScrubRule {
  /** Regex pattern to match keys or values */
  readonly pattern: RegExp
  /** Replacement string (default: '[REDACTED]') */
  readonly replacement?: string
}

export interface VcrOptions {
  /** Directory for cassettes (default: __cassettes__ next to caller) */
  readonly cassetteDir?: string
  /** Override VCR_MODE env var */
  readonly mode?: VcrMode
  /** Additional scrub rules beyond defaults */
  readonly scrubRules?: readonly ScrubRule[]
  /** Custom serializer for non-JSON-safe values */
  readonly serialize?: (value: unknown) => unknown
  /** Custom deserializer */
  readonly deserialize?: (value: unknown) => unknown
}

export interface CassetteEntry<T> {
  readonly hash: string
  readonly suite: string
  readonly name: string
  readonly recordedAt: string
  readonly input: Record<string, unknown>
  readonly output: T
}

Hasher (hasher.ts)

import { createHash } from 'node:crypto'

/**
 * Deterministic hash of operation inputs.
 * Uses stable JSON stringify (sorted keys) to ensure
 * identical inputs always produce identical hashes.
 */
export function hashInputs(inputs: Record<string, unknown>): string {
  const stable = stableJsonStringify(inputs)
  return createHash('sha256').update(stable).digest('hex').slice(0, 16)
}

function stableJsonStringify(obj: unknown): string {
  if (obj === null || typeof obj !== 'object') {
    return JSON.stringify(obj)
  }
  if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
    return '[' + obj.map(stableJsonStringify).join(',') + ']'
  }
  const sorted = Object.keys(obj as Record<string, unknown>).sort()
  const entries = sorted.map(
    (k) => `${JSON.stringify(k)}:${stableJsonStringify((obj as Record<string, unknown>)[k])}`
  )
  return '{' + entries.join(',') + '}'
}

Cassette Store (cassette-store.ts)

import { existsSync, mkdirSync, readFileSync, writeFileSync, readdirSync } from 'node:fs'
import { join } from 'node:path'
import type { CassetteEntry } from './types.js'
import { scrub } from './scrubber.js'
import type { ScrubRule } from './types.js'

export function cassettePath(
  baseDir: string,
  suite: string,
  name: string,
  hash: string
): string {
  return join(baseDir, suite, `${name}-${hash}.json`)
}

export function readCassette<T>(path: string): CassetteEntry<T> | null {
  if (!existsSync(path)) return null
  return JSON.parse(readFileSync(path, 'utf-8')) as CassetteEntry<T>
}

export function writeCassette<T>(
  path: string,
  entry: CassetteEntry<T>,
  scrubRules: readonly ScrubRule[]
): void {
  const dir = path.substring(0, path.lastIndexOf('/'))
  mkdirSync(dir, { recursive: true })
  const scrubbed = scrub(entry, scrubRules)
  writeFileSync(path, JSON.stringify(scrubbed, null, 2) + '\n', 'utf-8')
}

export function listCassettes(baseDir: string): string[] {
  if (!existsSync(baseDir)) return []
  const files: string[] = []
  for (const suite of readdirSync(baseDir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
    if (!suite.isDirectory()) continue
    for (const file of readdirSync(join(baseDir, suite.name), { withFileTypes: true })) {
      if (file.name.endsWith('.json')) {
        files.push(join(suite.name, file.name))
      }
    }
  }
  return files
}

Scrubber (scrubber.ts)

import type { ScrubRule } from './types.js'

const DEFAULT_SCRUB_RULES: readonly ScrubRule[] = [
  { pattern: /^authorization$/i, replacement: '[REDACTED]' },
  { pattern: /key|secret|token|password/i, replacement: '[REDACTED]' },
]

export function scrub<T>(data: T, extraRules: readonly ScrubRule[] = []): T {
  const rules = [...DEFAULT_SCRUB_RULES, ...extraRules]
  return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(data, (key, value) => {
    if (typeof key !== 'string' || typeof value !== 'string') return value
    for (const rule of rules) {
      if (rule.pattern.test(key)) {
        return rule.replacement ?? '[REDACTED]'
      }
    }
    return value
  })) as T
}

Core withVcr() (with-vcr.ts)

import { resolve, dirname } from 'node:path'
import { hashInputs } from './hasher.js'
import { cassettePath, readCassette, writeCassette } from './cassette-store.js'
import type { CassetteEntry, VcrMode, VcrOptions } from './types.js'

function getMode(options?: VcrOptions): VcrMode {
  if (options?.mode) return options.mode
  const env = process.env.VCR_MODE as VcrMode | undefined
  return env ?? 'record-missing'
}

/**
 * Wrap any async operation with VCR caching.
 *
 * @param suite   - Cassette suite name (groups related recordings)
 * @param name    - Operation name within the suite
 * @param inputKey - Object whose hash determines cache identity
 * @param fn      - The actual async operation to cache
 * @param options - VCR options (mode override, scrub rules, cassette dir)
 */
export async function withVcr<T>(
  suite: string,
  name: string,
  inputKey: Record<string, unknown>,
  fn: () => Promise<T>,
  options?: VcrOptions
): Promise<T> {
  const mode = getMode(options)

  if (mode === 'passthrough') {
    return fn()
  }

  const hash = hashInputs(inputKey)
  const baseDir = options?.cassetteDir ?? resolve(callerDir(), '__cassettes__')
  const path = cassettePath(baseDir, suite, name, hash)

  // Try replay
  if (mode === 'replay' || mode === 'record-missing') {
    const cached = readCassette<T>(path)
    if (cached) {
      return options?.deserialize
        ? options.deserialize(cached.output) as T
        : cached.output
    }
    if (mode === 'replay') {
      throw new Error(
        `VCR replay failed: no cassette at ${path}. ` +
        `Run with VCR_MODE=record to create it.`
      )
    }
  }

  // Record
  const result = await fn()
  const output = options?.serialize ? options.serialize(result) as T : result

  const entry: CassetteEntry<T> = {
    hash,
    suite,
    name,
    recordedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
    input: inputKey,
    output,
  }

  writeCassette(path, entry, options?.scrubRules ?? [])
  return result
}

/** Resolve __cassettes__ relative to the calling test file */
function callerDir(): string {
  // Use the test file path from vitest's expect.getState()
  // Fallback: walk the stack to find the first .test.ts file
  const err = new Error()
  const stack = err.stack?.split('\n') ?? []
  for (const line of stack) {
    const match = line.match(/\((.+\.test\.[tj]s):\d+:\d+\)/)
    if (match) return dirname(match[1])
  }
  return process.cwd()
}

Index (index.ts)

export { withVcr } from './with-vcr.js'
export { hashInputs } from './hasher.js'
export { scrub } from './scrubber.js'
export { readCassette, writeCassette, listCassettes, cassettePath } from './cassette-store.js'
export type { CassetteEntry, VcrMode, VcrOptions, ScrubRule } from './types.js'

Code Patterns

Pattern 1: Generic withVcr() for Any Async Operation

Use withVcr() to cache any expensive async call — LLM, eval, embedding, image gen, or composite pipeline.

import { withVcr } from '@tx-agent-kit/testkit/vcr'

// Cache an LLM call
const response = await withVcr('my-suite', 'planner-call', {
  model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
  input: messages,
}, async () => {
  return await realLlmCall(messages)
})

// Cache an eval score
const score = await withVcr('eval-suite', 'brand-safety', {
  content: artifact.text,
  rubric: 'brand-safety-v2',
}, async () => {
  return await evaluateBrandSafety(artifact)
})

// Cache a composite pipeline (multiple API calls as one unit)
const result = await withVcr('scoring', 'content-quality', {
  contentId: content.id,
}, async () => {
  const safety = await checkSafety(content)
  const relevance = await scoreRelevance(content, brief)
  return { safety, relevance, composite: (safety + relevance) / 2 }
})

Pattern 2: withVcr() for Effect-Based AI Calls

This repo uses Effect for AI operations. Wrap the Effect runtime call:

import { withVcr } from '@tx-agent-kit/testkit/vcr'
import { tracedCallModel } from '@tx-agent-kit/ai'
import { Effect } from 'effect'

describe('AI planner', () => {
  it('generates a plan', async () => {
    const result = await withVcr('planner', 'generate-plan', {
      model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
      input: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Write a plan for X' }],
    }, async () => {
      const program = tracedCallModel({
        model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
        input: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Write a plan for X' }],
        maxTokens: 200,
      })
      return await Effect.runPromise(program)
    })

    expect(result.output).toBeDefined()
    expect(result.usage.totalTokens).toBeGreaterThan(0)
  })
})

Pattern 3: withOpenRouterVcr() — MSW-Powered HTTP Recording

For tests that need to capture the raw HTTP request/response (e.g. verifying headers, streaming chunks), combine MSW with VCR:

import { http, HttpResponse } from 'msw'
import { setupServer } from 'msw/node'
import { withVcr, readCassette, writeCassette, hashInputs, cassettePath } from '@tx-agent-kit/testkit/vcr'
import { resolve } from 'node:path'

const OPENROUTER_URL = 'https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions'

/**
 * MSW-powered VCR for OpenRouter HTTP calls.
 * Records the raw HTTP response on first run, replays from cassette after.
 */
export function withOpenRouterVcr(
  suite: string,
  name: string,
  inputKey: Record<string, unknown>,
  fn: () => Promise<void>
): () => Promise<void> {
  return async () => {
    const hash = hashInputs(inputKey)
    const baseDir = resolve(__dirname, '__cassettes__')
    const path = cassettePath(baseDir, suite, name, hash)
    const cached = readCassette<{ status: number; body: unknown }>(path)

    if (cached) {
      // Replay mode: MSW serves the cached response
      const server = setupServer(
        http.post(OPENROUTER_URL, () => {
          return HttpResponse.json(cached.output.body, {
            status: cached.output.status,
          })
        })
      )
      server.listen({ onUnhandledRequest: 'bypass' })
      try {
        await fn()
      } finally {
        server.close()
      }
      return
    }

    // Record mode: let the real request through, capture it via MSW
    let captured: { status: number; body: unknown } | null = null
    const server = setupServer(
      http.post(OPENROUTER_URL, async ({ request }) => {
        const real = await fetch(request.clone())
        const body = await real.json()
        captured = { status: real.status, body }
        return HttpResponse.json(body, { status: real.status })
      })
    )
    server.listen({ onUnhandledRequest: 'bypass' })
    try {
      await fn()
      if (captured) {
        writeCassette(path, {
          hash,
          suite,
          name,
          recordedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
          input: inputKey,
          output: captured,
        }, [])
      }
    } finally {
      server.close()
    }
  }
}

// Usage in a test:
describe('OpenRouter HTTP', () => {
  it('captures raw response', withOpenRouterVcr(
    'openrouter-http',
    'chat-completion',
    { model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini', prompt: 'Hello' },
    async () => {
      const response = await fetch(OPENROUTER_URL, {
        method: 'POST',
        headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
        body: JSON.stringify({ model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini', messages: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Hello' }] }),
      })
      expect(response.status).toBe(200)
    }
  ))
})

Pattern 4: MSW-Only for Error Paths (No VCR)

For testing error handling, use MSW directly — no need to cache errors:

import { http, HttpResponse } from 'msw'
import { setupServer } from 'msw/node'
import { tracedCallModel } from '@tx-agent-kit/ai'
import { Effect } from 'effect'

describe('error handling', () => {
  const server = setupServer()

  beforeAll(() => server.listen({ onUnhandledRequest: 'bypass' }))
  afterEach(() => server.resetHandlers())
  afterAll(() => server.close())

  it('handles rate limiting (429)', async () => {
    server.use(
      http.post('https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions', () => {
        return HttpResponse.json(
          { error: { message: 'Rate limit exceeded', type: 'rate_limit_error' } },
          { status: 429, headers: { 'Retry-After': '5' } }
        )
      })
    )

    const program = tracedCallModel({
      model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
      input: [{ role: 'user', content: 'test' }],
    })

    const result = await Effect.runPromiseExit(program)
    expect(result._tag).toBe('Failure')
  })

  it('handles malformed response', async () => {
    server.use(
      http.post('https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions', () => {
        return HttpResponse.text('not json', { status: 200 })
      })
    )

    const program = tracedCallModel({
      model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
      input: [{ role: 'user', content: 'test' }],
    })

    const result = await Effect.runPromiseExit(program)
    expect(result._tag).toBe('Failure')
  })

  it('handles 500 server error', async () => {
    server.use(
      http.post('https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/chat/completions', () => {
        return HttpResponse.json(
          { error: { message: 'Internal server error' } },
          { status: 500 }
        )
      })
    )

    const program = tracedCallModel({
      model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
      input: [{ role: 'user', content: 'test' }],
    })

    const result = await Effect.runPromiseExit(program)
    expect(result._tag).toBe('Failure')
  })
})

Pattern 5: Writing a New VCR Test from Scratch

Complete test file for a new AI feature:

// packages/infra/ai/src/__tests__/my-feature.integration.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
import { Effect } from 'effect'
import { withVcr } from '@tx-agent-kit/testkit/vcr'
import { tracedCallModel, withAgentTrace, withAgentStep } from '@tx-agent-kit/ai'

describe('my AI feature', () => {
  it('runs a multi-step pipeline', async () => {
    const result = await withVcr(
      'my-feature',           // suite name
      'draft-review-pipeline', // operation name
      {                        // input key (determines cache identity)
        model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
        draftPrompt: 'Write a haiku about testing',
        reviewPrompt: 'Rate this haiku 1-10',
      },
      async () => {
        const program = withAgentTrace('my-feature-trace', {}, Effect.gen(function* () {
          const draft = yield* withAgentStep('draft', { type: 'generator' },
            tracedCallModel({
              model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
              input: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Write a haiku about testing' }],
              maxTokens: 50,
            })
          )

          const draftText = draft.output
            .filter((m): m is { type: 'message'; role: 'assistant'; content: Array<{ type: 'text'; text: string }> } =>
              m.type === 'message')
            .flatMap((m) => m.content.filter((c): c is { type: 'text'; text: string } => c.type === 'text'))
            .map((c) => c.text)
            .join('')

          const review = yield* withAgentStep('review', { type: 'critic' },
            tracedCallModel({
              model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
              input: [
                { role: 'user', content: `Rate this haiku 1-10: ${draftText}` },
              ],
              maxTokens: 20,
            })
          )

          return { draft, review }
        }))

        return await Effect.runPromise(program)
      }
    )

    expect(result.draft.usage.totalTokens).toBeGreaterThan(0)
    expect(result.review.usage.totalTokens).toBeGreaterThan(0)
  })
})

Steps — Converting an Existing RUN_LIVE_INTEGRATION Test

This converts tests that currently require a live API key and RUN_LIVE_INTEGRATION=1.

1. Add testkit VCR dependency

Ensure the package has @tx-agent-kit/testkit as a devDependency:

{
  "devDependencies": {
    "@tx-agent-kit/testkit": "workspace:*"
  }
}

2. Remove the skip guard

Before:

const shouldRunAiIntegration = process.env.RUN_LIVE_INTEGRATION === '1'
describe.skipIf(!shouldRunAiIntegration)('AI tracing integration', () => {

After:

describe('AI tracing integration', () => {

3. Wrap each test's async operation with withVcr()

Before (from tracing.integration.test.ts):

it('should trace a basic model call', async () => {
  const response = await Effect.runPromise(
    tracedCallModel({
      model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
      input: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Say "hello" in one word.' }],
      maxTokens: 10,
    })
  )
  expect(response.usage.totalTokens).toBeGreaterThan(0)
})

After:

it('should trace a basic model call', async () => {
  const response = await withVcr(
    'tracing',
    'basic-model-call',
    { model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini', input: 'Say hello in one word' },
    async () => Effect.runPromise(
      tracedCallModel({
        model: 'openai/gpt-4.1-mini',
        input: [{ role: 'user', content: 'Say "hello" in one word.' }],
        maxTokens: 10,
      })
    )
  )
  expect(response.usage.totalTokens).toBeGreaterThan(0)
})

4. First recording run

# Record cassettes by hitting the real API
VCR_MODE=record OPENROUTER_API_KEY=your-key pnpm vitest run packages/infra/ai/src/__tests__/my-test.integration.test.ts

# Verify cassettes were created
ls packages/infra/ai/src/__tests__/__cassettes__/

5. Verify replay works

# Should pass without an API key
VCR_MODE=replay pnpm vitest run packages/infra/ai/src/__tests__/my-test.integration.test.ts

6. Commit the cassettes

git add packages/infra/ai/src/__tests__/__cassettes__/
git commit -m "test: add VCR cassettes for AI integration tests"

Steps — Adding a New Scrub Rule

1. Define the rule

import { withVcr } from '@tx-agent-kit/testkit/vcr'
import type { ScrubRule } from '@tx-agent-kit/testkit/vcr'

const customRules: ScrubRule[] = [
  { pattern: /^x-custom-auth$/i, replacement: '[REDACTED]' },
  { pattern: /^api[-_]?key$/i },  // uses default '[REDACTED]'
]

2. Pass to withVcr() options

const result = await withVcr('suite', 'name', inputKey, fn, {
  scrubRules: customRules,
})

Steps — Re-Recording Cassettes

When prompts, models, or schemas change, cassettes become stale.

Re-record a single suite

VCR_MODE=record OPENROUTER_API_KEY=your-key pnpm vitest run path/to/test.ts

Re-record everything

VCR_MODE=record OPENROUTER_API_KEY=your-key pnpm test:integration

Clear stale cassettes first (optional)

pnpm vcr:clear --suite my-suite
VCR_MODE=record OPENROUTER_API_KEY=your-key pnpm vitest run path/to/test.ts

Cache Manager CLI

Package.json scripts

Add to root package.json:

{
  "scripts": {
    "vcr:clear": "tsx packages/testkit/src/vcr/cli.ts clear",
    "vcr:list": "tsx packages/testkit/src/vcr/cli.ts list"
  }
}

CLI Implementation (cli.ts)

import { readdirSync, statSync, rmSync, existsSync } from 'node:fs'
import { join, relative } from 'node:path'
import { listCassettes } from './cassette-store.js'

const args = process.argv.slice(2)
const command = args[0]

/** Find all __cassettes__ dirs in the repo */
function findCassetteDirs(root: string): string[] {
  const dirs: string[] = []
  function walk(dir: string) {
    for (const entry of readdirSync(dir, { withFileTypes: true })) {
      if (entry.name === 'node_modules' || entry.name === '.git') continue
      const full = join(dir, entry.name)
      if (entry.isDirectory()) {
        if (entry.name === '__cassettes__') dirs.push(full)
        else walk(full)
      }
    }
  }
  walk(root)
  return dirs
}

const root = process.cwd()

if (command === 'clear') {
  const suite = args.find((a) => a.startsWith('--suite='))?.split('=')[1]
    ?? (args.indexOf('--suite') >= 0 ? args[args.indexOf('--suite') + 1] : undefined)
  const pattern = args.find((a) => a.startsWith('--pattern='))?.split('=')[1]
    ?? (args.indexOf('--pattern') >= 0 ? args[args.indexOf('--pattern') + 1] : undefined)

  for (const dir of findCassetteDirs(root)) {
    if (suite) {
      const suiteDir = join(dir, suite)
      if (existsSync(suiteDir)) {
        rmSync(suiteDir, { recursive: true })
        console.log(`Cleared: ${relative(root, suiteDir)}`)
      }
    } else if (pattern) {
      for (const file of listCassettes(dir)) {
        if (new RegExp(pattern.replace(/\*/g, '.*')).test(file)) {
          rmSync(join(dir, file))
          console.log(`Deleted: ${relative(root, join(dir, file))}`)
        }
      }
    } else {
      rmSync(dir, { recursive: true })
      console.log(`Cleared: ${relative(root, dir)}`)
    }
  }
} else if (command === 'list') {
  const staleArg = args.find((a) => a.startsWith('--stale='))?.split('=')[1]
    ?? (args.indexOf('--stale') >= 0 ? args[args.indexOf('--stale') + 1] : undefined)
  const staleDays = staleArg ? parseInt(staleArg, 10) : undefined
  const now = Date.now()

  for (const dir of findCassetteDirs(root)) {
    for (const file of listCassettes(dir)) {
      const full = join(dir, file)
      const stat = statSync(full)
      const ageDays = Math.floor((now - stat.mtimeMs) / 86_400_000)
      const sizeKb = (stat.size / 1024).toFixed(1)

      if (staleDays && ageDays < staleDays) continue
      console.log(`${relative(root, full)}  ${ageDays}d  ${sizeKb}KB`)
    }
  }
} else {
  console.log('Usage:')
  console.log('  pnpm vcr:clear                          # wipe ALL cassettes')
  console.log('  pnpm vcr:clear --suite <name>            # wipe one suite')
  console.log('  pnpm vcr:clear --pattern "planner*"      # wipe by glob')
  console.log('  pnpm vcr:list                            # list all with age + size')
  console.log('  pnpm vcr:list --stale 30                 # show cassettes > 30 days old')
}

CLI Commands

pnpm vcr:clear                              # wipe ALL cassettes
pnpm vcr:clear --suite otel-sequential   # wipe one suite
pnpm vcr:clear --pattern "planner*"          # wipe by glob
pnpm vcr:list                                # list all with age + size
pnpm vcr:list --stale 30                     # show cassettes > 30 days old

Decision Rules

When to Use VCR vs MSW vs Both

Scenario	Use	Why
Cache an LLM/eval/embedding call	VCR only	Operation-level is simplest, survives SDK changes
Cache any non-HTTP async operation	VCR only	VCR works at the function level, not transport
Test error responses (429, 500)	MSW only	Errors shouldn't be cached; MSW gives precise control
Test streaming edge cases	MSW only	Need to control chunk timing and partial responses
Test malformed API responses	MSW only	Need to return invalid payloads
Capture raw HTTP req/res pairs	MSW + VCR	MSW intercepts the wire, VCR persists it
Verify request headers/auth	MSW + VCR	Need HTTP-level visibility

Cassette Lifecycle

Commit cassettes to git. They are deterministic test fixtures with secrets scrubbed. Benefits:

• CI runs without API keys
• Tests are reproducible across machines
• PR reviews can inspect the actual API responses

When to invalidate / re-record:

• Model changed (e.g. gpt-4.1-mini → gpt-4.1)
• Prompt text changed
• Tool/function schema changed
• Response schema expectations changed
• Cassette > 90 days old (model behavior may have drifted)

When NOT to re-record:

• SDK version bumped (cache key is operation-level, not HTTP-level)
• Refactored test structure without changing inputs
• Added new tests (existing cassettes unaffected)

Environment Variable Summary

Variable	Values	Default	Purpose
VCR_MODE	replay, record, record-missing, passthrough	record-missing	Controls VCR behavior
OPENROUTER_API_KEY	API key string	—	Required for record / record-missing modes

CI should set VCR_MODE=replay to ensure tests never hit real APIs.

Reference Files

File	Role
packages/testkit/src/vcr/index.ts	VCR public API re-exports
packages/testkit/src/vcr/types.ts	CassetteEntry<T>, VcrMode, VcrOptions, ScrubRule
packages/testkit/src/vcr/hasher.ts	Deterministic SHA-256 hash of operation inputs
packages/testkit/src/vcr/cassette-store.ts	Read/write/list cassette JSON files
packages/testkit/src/vcr/scrubber.ts	Strip secrets from recorded responses
packages/testkit/src/vcr/with-vcr.ts	Core withVcr<T>() caching wrapper
packages/testkit/src/vcr/cli.ts	Cache manager CLI (vcr:clear, vcr:list)
packages/infra/ai/src/__tests__/otel-sequential.integration.test.ts	Multi-step agent pipeline test (conversion target)
packages/infra/ai/src/tracing.integration.test.ts	Tracing infrastructure test (conversion target)
packages/infra/ai/src/tracing.ts	tracedCallModel, withAgentStep, withAgentTrace
packages/infra/ai/src/openrouter.ts	OpenRouter client + callModel