nanite-and-rendering

name	nanite-and-rendering
description	Configure Nanite virtualized geometry (FMeshNaniteSettings on static and skeletal meshes, fallback mesh, displacement/tessellation, WPO distance threshold) and reason about the broader UE rendering pipeline — deferred vs forward, GPU Scene instancing, Virtual Shadow Maps, Virtual Textures, TSR/temporal upscaling, post-process (FPostProcessSettings), scene capture to render targets, and key r.* cvars. Use when enabling Nanite on a mesh, diagnosing Nanite support failures, choosing anti-aliasing or upscaling method, configuring post-process in code or volumes, rendering to a texture (minimap, mirror, portal), tuning scalability cvars, or understanding the deferred/forward rendering split.
metadata	{"engine-version":"5.7","category":"world-building"}

Nanite & rendering

UE's renderer couples Nanite (virtualized geometry), Lumen (dynamic GI — see lighting-and-lumen), and Virtual Shadow Maps into a coherent high-fidelity pipeline. This skill covers Nanite and the surrounding rendering systems an agent needs to configure and reason about.

When to use this skill

• Enabling Nanite on static or skeletal meshes in C++, editor scripting, or mesh settings.
• Diagnosing why Nanite does/doesn't apply (translucency, forward rendering, VR stereo).
• Choosing between TSR, TAA/TAAU, FXAA, MSAA and setting screen percentage.
• Configuring FPostProcessSettings fields in C++ or via a Post Process Volume.
• Rendering the scene to a texture (minimap, security camera, mirror, portal).
• Tuning r.* cvars for performance or debugging the render pipeline.

Nanite virtualized geometry

Nanite renders pixel-scale geometry by streaming and rasterizing hierarchical triangle clusters, automatically providing LOD without manual setup. It replaces the traditional draw-call-per-mesh path with a GPU-driven visibility and rasterization pass.

FMeshNaniteSettings — the control struct

FMeshNaniteSettings (defined in Runtime/Engine/Classes/Engine/EngineTypes.h:3039) holds all per-mesh Nanite build parameters. Key fields:

Field	Type	Default	Purpose
bEnabled	uint8:1	false	Master switch — build Nanite data
KeepPercentTriangles	float	1.0	Source triangle budget (1.0 = lossless)
TrimRelativeError	float	0.0	Error-based reduction threshold
GenerateFallback	ENaniteGenerateFallback	PlatformDefault	Whether to build a fallback mesh for unsupported platforms
FallbackPercentTriangles	float	1.0	Triangle budget for the fallback mesh
FallbackRelativeError	float	1.0	Error-based fallback reduction
MaxEdgeLengthFactor	float	0.0	Limit simplification for WPO/spline meshes
DisplacementMaps	TArray<FMeshDisplacementMap>	empty	Offline tessellation/displacement maps
PositionPrecision	int32	MIN_int32 (auto)	Vertex position quantization

UStaticMesh exposes GetNaniteSettings()/SetNaniteSettings() (StaticMesh.h:836–848) and IsNaniteEnabled() (:1030). USkeletalMesh has the same accessor pair (SkeletalMesh.h:950–957).

5.7 deprecation note: Direct member access to UStaticMesh::NaniteSettings is deprecated (UE_DEPRECATED(5.7, ...)). Use the accessor functions instead.

Enabling Nanite from C++ editor scripting

// Editor-only — call from a UEditorUtilityWidget or Python-exposed UFUNCTION
#if WITH_EDITOR
#include "Engine/StaticMesh.h"

void EnableNaniteOnMesh(UStaticMesh* Mesh)
{
    if (!Mesh) return;
    FMeshNaniteSettings Settings = Mesh->GetNaniteSettings();
    Settings.bEnabled = true;
    // For WPO materials or spline mesh deformation, set a non-zero MaxEdgeLengthFactor
    // to prevent oversimplification of displaced clusters:
    // Settings.MaxEdgeLengthFactor = 1.0f;
    Mesh->SetNaniteSettings(Settings);
    Mesh->PostEditChange();
    Mesh->MarkPackageDirty();
}
#endif

Where Nanite applies — and where it doesn't

Nanite works on opaque and masked materials. Translucent materials fall back to the fallback mesh. In UE 5.7 Nanite also supports:

• Skeletal meshes (animation LODs only; no geometry LODs).
• Spline mesh components — MaxEdgeLengthFactor > 0 prevents over-simplification.
• Foliage, including WPO wind animation (clamp displacement to avoid culling drift).
• Instanced static meshes (HISM, foliage painter, landscape grass).
• Geometry collections (Chaos destruction).

Nanite is not supported for:

• Forward rendering or MSAA paths (these require per-draw-call mesh data).
• VR stereo rendering (instanced stereo is not Nanite-compatible currently).
• Morph targets (skinning deformation beyond a 4x3 matrix is not supported).
• Translucent blend mode — the Nanite fallback mesh is rendered instead.
• Lighting channels and minimum screen radius / distance culling per-object overrides.

On UStaticMeshComponent, bDisallowNanite and bForceNaniteForMasked let you opt individual component instances in or out at runtime (StaticMeshComponent.h:157–161). WorldPositionOffsetDisableDistance (:153) stops WPO evaluation past a given screen distance, which also helps Nanite cluster culling.

Fallback mesh

The fallback mesh is a conventional LOD mesh rendered on platforms that don't support Nanite (DX11, mobile, ray-tracing passes). HasNaniteFallbackMesh(EShaderPlatform) (StaticMesh.h:2170) queries its presence. Set FallbackPercentTriangles < 1.0 to reduce its cost. For ray tracing, the fallback is used by default; lower FallbackRelativeError for higher-fidelity RT shadows/reflections.

Nanite displacement and tessellation

• Static displacement — offline: set DisplacementMaps in FMeshNaniteSettings and rebuild. The offline tessellator pre-bakes displacement into the Nanite cluster hierarchy.
• Runtime tessellation — dynamic programmable displacement via a displacement material graph node; driven per-frame on the GPU. Useful for animated terrain and Nanite landscapes.

Both are described in references/nanite.md.

Rendering pipeline overview

Deferred vs forward

UE defaults to deferred shading (desktop/console). The G-buffer stores material properties (base color, normals, roughness, metallic) in the depth pass and base pass; the lighting pass reads them. This enables many dynamic lights at low per-light cost.

Forward shading (r.ForwardShading 1, RendererSettings.h:698) renders lighting in a single pass per draw. It supports MSAA but does not support Nanite, has fewer features (no deferred decals, no light functions by default), and is mainly used for VR.

Mobile has its own forward and deferred paths (EMobileShadingPath, RendererSettings.h:219–224).

GPU Scene and instancing

FGPUScene (Renderer/Private/GPUScene.h:216) is a GPU-resident buffer of per-primitive and per-instance data updated each frame. It enables Nanite's GPU-driven culling/rasterization and UE5's instanced rendering path — all UStaticMeshComponent and HISM instances share this buffer, eliminating per-draw-call CPU overhead. Adding or removing primitives from the scene queues updates through FGPUScene; do not assume immediate GPU visibility.

Virtual Shadow Maps

Virtual Shadow Maps (VSM) are UE5's high-resolution shadow system, designed to pair with Nanite's pixel-scale detail. VSMs use a 16k virtual address space paged into 128x128 physical pages (VirtualShadowMapArray.h:72–77). Only pages that cover visible shadowed surfaces are allocated and rendered, making the per-frame cost roughly proportional to the number of unique shadow-casting surfaces visible, rather than a fixed resolution texture.

Key interaction: Nanite meshes render into VSM shadow passes efficiently via the same GPU-driven cluster rasterizer. Non-Nanite meshes use the Nanite fallback when rendering into VSMs. See references/virtual-textures-and-shadows.md.

TSR and temporal upscaling

Temporal Super Resolution (TSR) is UE5's default temporal upscaler. It renders at a sub-native internal resolution and reconstructs a high-quality output using data from multiple previous frames. Set with r.AntiAliasingMethod 4 (TSR) or in Project Settings → Engine → Rendering → Default Settings → Anti-Aliasing Method.

Method	Deferred	Forward	Notes
TSR	yes	yes	Default UE5; best quality; requires temporal history
TAAU	yes	yes	UE4-era temporal upsampler; lower quality than TSR
FXAA	yes	yes	Spatial only; cheap; for low-end targets
MSAA	no	yes only	Hardware multi-sample; no Nanite support

Screen percentage (r.ScreenPercentage) is the primary resolution lever: 50–70 with TSR still produces near-native quality. Third-party temporal upscalers (DLSS, FSR 2+, XeSS) plug in via the ITemporalUpscaler interface (Renderer/Public/TemporalUpscaler.h).

RendererSettings.h:829–832 maps r.AntiAliasingMethod to EAntiAliasingMethod (project setting DefaultFeatureAntiAliasing). Forward shading forces FXAA or MSAA; TSR/TAAU require deferred.

Post process (FPostProcessSettings)

FPostProcessSettings (Engine/Classes/Engine/Scene.h:692–2596) is the single struct that controls all post-process overrides. Apply it via:

• An unbound Post Process Volume (global baseline).
• A bounded volume with a Blend Radius (local override).
• A camera's PostProcessSettings field directly in C++.

Key categories of fields:

Category	Notable fields
Exposure	AutoExposureBias, AutoExposureMinBrightness, AutoExposureMaxBrightness
Bloom	BloomIntensity, BloomThreshold, BloomSizeScale
Depth of Field	DepthOfFieldFstop, DepthOfFieldFocalDistance, DepthOfFieldSensorWidth
Motion Blur	MotionBlurAmount, MotionBlurMax, MotionBlurTargetFPS
Color Grading	ColorGradingIntensity, ColorSaturation, FilmShadowTint
GI/Reflections	DynamicGlobalIlluminationMethod, ReflectionMethod (override Lumen vs screen-space)
Ambient Occlusion	AmbientOcclusionIntensity, AmbientOcclusionRadius

Each field has a corresponding bOverride_<FieldName> bool that must be true for the value to take effect when set programmatically.

// Snapshot the current post-process settings and override bloom at runtime
APostProcessVolume* PPV = /* get your volume */;
FPostProcessSettings& S = PPV->Settings;
S.bOverride_BloomIntensity = true;
S.BloomIntensity = 0.5f;

See references/rendering-pipeline.md for the full deferred pass order, scene view flow, and how post-process materials interact with TSR.

Scene capture (render to texture)

USceneCaptureComponent2D renders a camera view into a UTextureRenderTarget2D each frame or on demand. Use for minimaps, security cameras, mirrors, and portals.

USceneCaptureComponent2D* Cap = CreateDefaultSubobject<USceneCaptureComponent2D>(TEXT("Cap"));
Cap->TextureTarget = MyRenderTarget;           // assign a UTextureRenderTarget2D asset
Cap->CaptureSource = ESceneCaptureSource::SCS_FinalColorLDR;
Cap->bCaptureEveryFrame = false;               // capture on-demand is much cheaper
// Call Cap->CaptureScene() when you need a fresh frame

Scene captures are expensive — they re-run visibility, shadow, and lighting passes for the capture view. Budget them carefully: capture on demand (mirrors flip-frame), reduce TextureTarget resolution, disable unneeded features (ShowFlags), use SCS_SceneColorHDR only when HDR data is required downstream.

Key r.* cvars

See references/rendering-pipeline.md for the complete cvar table. The highest-leverage variables for Nanite + standard desktop rendering:

cvar	Purpose
r.ScreenPercentage	Primary render resolution percentage (50–100+)
r.AntiAliasingMethod	2=TAA, 4=TSR, 0=None, 1=FXAA, 3=MSAA
r.Nanite.MaxPixelsPerEdge	Nanite rasterization target (default 1.0, lower = more detail)
r.Shadow.Virtual.Enable	Toggle Virtual Shadow Maps (1 = on)
r.Shadow.Virtual.ResolutionLodBiasDirectional	VSM directional light quality bias
r.VirtualTextures	Enable Virtual Texture streaming globally
r.ForwardShading	Toggle forward renderer (restart required)
r.Lumen.Reflections.Allow	Enable/disable Lumen reflections independently
r.DefaultFeature.Bloom	Global default for bloom
r.TemporalAA.Upsampling	Enable TAAU (older UE4-style temporal upsampler)

Set cvars via Device Profiles or ini scalability groups in shipping builds — never hardcode GConsoleManager->FindTConsoleVariableDataFloat calls in game logic.

Performance mental model

1. Internal resolution / screen percentage — single biggest lever; TSR hides most cost.
2. Overdraw — translucency is rendered unconditionally and accumulates; limit layered particles and glass materials (materials-and-shaders).
3. VSM page cost — each unique light/shadow receiver combination needs pages; many small dynamic shadow casters in open areas is expensive.
4. Scene captures — each capture re-runs the renderer; prefer baked or on-demand.
5. Nanite cluster culling budget — very large WPO displacement without a MaxEdgeLengthFactor causes many clusters to escape culling; profile with stat Nanite and the Nanite visualization modes.
6. Profile with profileGPU or Unreal Insights GPU track (profiling-and-optimization).

Gotchas

• Nanite on translucent material — silently falls back to the fallback mesh; no error in log unless you enable r.Nanite.ShowMaskedMaterialWarnings.
• Nanite + Forward rendering — Nanite is not supported in forward; the mesh renders via the fallback.
• bDisallowNanite on component — disables Nanite for that instance even if the mesh has it enabled; useful for LOD-authored props that need conventional rendering.
• VR stereo + Nanite — instanced stereo rendering is incompatible; Nanite falls back.
• WPO displacement without MaxEdgeLengthFactor — Nanite clusters are culled by their original bounds; large WPO offsets pop clusters in/out. Set MaxEdgeLengthFactor or set bEvaluateWorldPositionOffset = false past a distance threshold.
• bOverride_* not set — FPostProcessSettings fields are ignored without their paired bOverride_ flag when applied programmatically.
• Scene capture every frame at full res — sets up a full render pass; throttle with bCaptureEveryFrame = false and call CaptureScene() selectively.
• TSR ghosting on fast-moving thin geometry — increase r.TSR.History.ScreenPercentage or switch to TAAU for that camera.
• Hardcoding r. cvars in C++* — use Device Profiles / scalability ini groups; see profiling-and-optimization.
• Mismatched shadows — Nanite + Lumen expect VSM; mixing Nanite with shadow maps can produce shadow resolution mismatches. Prefer VSM for Nanite-heavy scenes.

Version notes

• Nanite skeletal mesh is production-ready in 5.5+ and fully supported in 5.7; uses animation LODs (not geometry LODs).
• Nanite spline meshes work in 5.7 by default; set MaxEdgeLengthFactor for road/rail splines with significant curvature.
• Nanite tessellation (runtime programmable displacement) is experimental/beta in 5.5–5.6 and production-track in 5.7; check project settings to enable.
• UStaticMesh::NaniteSettings direct-access is UE_DEPRECATED(5.7) — use accessors.
• TSR is EAntiAliasingMethod::AAM_TSR in EAntiAliasingMethod enum (5.7); earlier builds spelled it TemporalSuperResolution.

References & source material

Engine source (UE 5.7, under Engine/Source/):

• Runtime/Engine/Classes/Engine/EngineTypes.h — FMeshNaniteSettings:3039, ENaniteGenerateFallback:2972, ENaniteFallbackTarget:2981.
• Runtime/Engine/Classes/Engine/StaticMesh.h — GetNaniteSettings:836, SetNaniteSettings:845, IsNaniteEnabled:1030, HasNaniteFallbackMesh:2170; NaniteSettings member deprecated at 5.7:734.
• Runtime/Engine/Classes/Engine/SkeletalMesh.h — FMeshNaniteSettings NaniteSettings:944, GetNaniteSettings:950, SetNaniteSettings:954.
• Runtime/Engine/Classes/Components/StaticMeshComponent.h — bDisallowNanite:161, bForceNaniteForMasked:157, WorldPositionOffsetDisableDistance:153, bEvaluateWorldPositionOffset:171.
• Runtime/Engine/Classes/Engine/Scene.h — FPostProcessSettings:692.
• Runtime/Engine/Classes/Engine/RendererSettings.h — DefaultFeatureAntiAliasing:832, bForwardShading:702, bVirtualTextures:388, MobileShadingPath:316.
• Runtime/Engine/Public/Rendering/NaniteResources.h — Nanite::FResources:409 (streaming pages, cluster hierarchy, position/normal precision stored here).
• Runtime/Renderer/Private/GPUScene.h — FGPUScene:216 (GPU-resident primitive/instance buffer driving Nanite and instanced rendering).
• Runtime/Renderer/Private/VirtualShadowMaps/VirtualShadowMapArray.h — FVirtualShadowMap:66, page size/dim constants :72–77.
• Runtime/Renderer/Public/TemporalUpscaler.h — ITemporalUpscaler:11 (plugin interface for third-party upscalers: DLSS, FSR, XeSS).
• Runtime/Renderer/Private/DeferredShadingRenderer.h — deferred renderer entry; includes Nanite, VSM, and Lumen integration headers.

Official docs (UE 5.7, all fetched and confirmed):

• Nanite Virtualized Geometry Overview — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/nanite-virtualized-geometry-in-unreal-engine
• Nanite (index) — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/nanite-in-unreal-engine
• Virtual Shadow Maps — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/virtual-shadow-maps-in-unreal-engine
• Anti-Aliasing and Upscaling — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/anti-aliasing-and-upscaling-in-unreal-engine
• Temporal Super Resolution — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/temporal-super-resolution-in-unreal-engine
• Screen Percentage with Temporal Upscale — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/screen-percentage-with-temporal-upscale-in-unreal-engine
• Virtual Texturing — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/virtual-texturing-in-unreal-engine
• Forward Shading Renderer — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/forward-shading-renderer-in-unreal-engine
• Designing Visuals, Rendering, and Graphics — https://dev.epicgames.com/documentation/unreal-engine/designing-visuals-rendering-and-graphics-with-unreal-engine

Deep-dive references in this skill:

• references/nanite.md — cluster hierarchy internals, displacement types (static vs runtime), fallback mesh details, Nanite visualization modes, common build/runtime diagnostics.
• references/rendering-pipeline.md — deferred pass order, scene view flow, post-process chain, GPU Scene update, key cvar table.
• references/virtual-textures-and-shadows.md — Virtual Textures (RVT/SVT), Virtual Shadow Maps internals, page allocation, interaction with Nanite and Lumen.

Related skills: lighting-and-lumen, meshes-static-and-skeletal, profiling-and-optimization, materials-and-shaders.