databases

name	Databases
description	RDBMS access patterns for DuckDB, MySQL (keycloak), PostgreSQL (dw, x3rocs), SQL Server (sage1000, x3), and DBISAM (Exportmaster) using ODBC and native drivers

Databases

Instructions

When helping users work with database access in C#, follow these guidelines:

1. Library Selection:

   • DuckDB: Use System.Data.Odbc with DSN=DuckDB
   • PostgreSQL: Use Npgsql for direct access (recommended) or ODBC for legacy
   • MySQL: Use MySql.Data for native access or ODBC
   • SQL Server/X3/Sage1000: Use System.Data.Odbc
   • Exportmaster (DBISAM): Use System.Data.Odbc

2. Parameter Styles:

   • ODBC connections: ? placeholders
   • Native MySQL: @parameter style
   • Native PostgreSQL: $1, $2, $3 positional parameters

3. ExecuteAndMap Pattern: Use the ServiceLib ODBC wrapper with lambda mappers for type-safe result mapping

4. Connection Management: Always use using statements for connections and commands

5. Timeout Handling: Set CommandTimeout = 60 for long-running queries (especially DuckDB)

6. Null Safety: Always check IsDBNull() before reading values, provide sensible defaults

7. PostgreSQL Arrays: For native PostgreSQL, use native array support. For ODBC, use the array literal helper functions

8. PgQuery Tool: Reference the PgQuery tool (Y:\CSharpDLLs\PgQuery\PgQuery.exe or C:\Users\matthew.heath\Git\PgQuery) for executing ad-hoc PostgreSQL queries with JSON configuration support

Examples

Example 1: Query DuckDB Parquet Files

User: Help me query a Parquet file using DuckDB

Claude: I'll use DuckDB's ODBC driver to query the Parquet file directly:
- Connection: DSN=DuckDB
- Feature: read_parquet() function
- Parameters: ? placeholders
- Timeout: 60 seconds for large files 

[Provides implementation using the DuckDB pattern from reference material below]

Example 2: Direct PostgreSQL Access

User: I need to query PostgreSQL with array parameters

Claude: I'll use Npgsql for direct PostgreSQL access:
- Native array support
- Positional parameters ($1, $2)
- Better performance than ODBC
- Proper PostgreSQL type handling

[Provides implementation using the Npgsql pattern from reference material below]

Example 3: Execute Ad-Hoc PostgreSQL Query

User: Can you run this query on PostgreSQL and show me the results?

Claude: I'll use the PgQuery tool to execute your query:
- Command: PgQuery --config <config.json> --sql "QUERY" or --file script.sql
- JSON configuration for database connection settings
- Can save to file with --output flag
- Formatted table output with row counts
- Supports both SELECT queries and UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE commands

[Executes: PgQuery --config "R:\JsonParams\mydb.config.json" --sql "SELECT * FROM products LIMIT 10"]

Example 4: Type-Safe Mapping with ExecuteAndMap

User: How do I safely map database results to C# objects?

Claude: I'll use the ExecuteAndMap pattern with null-safe mapping:
- Lambda mapper for type conversion
- IsDBNull checks with defaults
- Automatic connection management

[Provides implementation using the ExecuteAndMap pattern from reference material below]

---

Reference Implementation Details

The sections below contain proven working code from production systems that the examples above reference.

Reference Files in This Folder:

• ODBC.cs - ServiceLib ODBC wrapper with ExecuteAndMap pattern
• PgQuery.cs - Command-line tool for ad-hoc PostgreSQL queries

RDBMS Access Patterns

Primary Libraries:

• System.Data.Odbc (versions 8.0.0 - 9.0.2) for ODBC connections
• Npgsql for direct PostgreSQL access
• MySql.Data for native MySQL access

Database Access Patterns by System

DuckDB ODBC Access

Connection String: DSN=DuckDB Parameter Style: ? placeholders Projects: BPQuery, CRMPollerFixer, JordanPrice, ElastiCompare

using var connection = new OdbcConnection("DSN=DuckDB");
connection.Open();

string sql = @"
SELECT username, TYPE, ERROR, MAX(EVENT_TIME) as EVENT_TIME
FROM read_parquet('C:\RI Services\Outputs\Parquets\rocs\event_entity.parquet')
WHERE TYPE NOT IN ('CODE_TO_TOKEN', 'LOGOUT')
  AND EVENT_TIME >= ?
GROUP BY username, TYPE, ERROR
ORDER BY EVENT_TIME DESC
LIMIT 40";

using var command = new OdbcCommand(sql, connection);
command.CommandTimeout = 60;
command.Parameters.Add(new OdbcParameter("p1", minTimestamp));

DuckDB Features:

• Direct Parquet file reading: read_parquet('path')
• JSON extraction: json_extract_string(DETAILS_JSON, '$.username')
• Complex aggregations and window functions
• Unix timestamp handling

Exportmaster ODBC Access (DBISAM)

Connection String: DSN=Exportmaster Parameter Style: ? placeholders Projects: CRMPollerFixer, JordanPrice, CS-EM2Parquet

using var exportMasterOdbc = new ODBC(_exportMasterConnectionString, _logger);

var query = $@"
SELECT p.SphType AS PriceProfile,
       p.SphRt AS ListType,
       p.SphBasis AS RangeIdentifier,
       p.SphKey1 AS Sphkey1,
       pd.SpdDateEff AS EffectiveDate,
       pd.SpdValue1 AS ListBreakValue1
FROM PRICES p
JOIN PRICDETL pd ON p.SphLink = pd.SpdLink
WHERE p.SphRt IN (144, 244)
  AND p.SphPeriod = 1
  AND p.SphKey1 IN ({inClause})
ORDER BY p.SphKey1, pd.SpdDateEff";

var results = exportMasterOdbc.ExecuteAndMap(query, null, reader => new PriceDiscountDocument
{
    Sphkey1 = reader.IsDBNull(reader.GetOrdinal("Sphkey1")) ? "" : reader.GetValue(reader.GetOrdinal("Sphkey1")).ToString(),
    PriceProfile = reader.IsDBNull(reader.GetOrdinal("PriceProfile")) ? "0" : reader.GetValue(reader.GetOrdinal("PriceProfile")).ToString(),
    ListType = reader.IsDBNull(reader.GetOrdinal("ListType")) ? "0" : reader.GetValue(reader.GetOrdinal("ListType")).ToString(),
    ListBreakValue1 = reader.IsDBNull(reader.GetOrdinal("ListBreakValue1")) ? 0 : Convert.ToDecimal(reader.GetValue(reader.GetOrdinal("ListBreakValue1")))
});

Exportmaster Key Tables:

• PRICES - Main pricing data
• PRICDETL - Price detail records
• STOCK - Product information

X3 MS SQL Server Access

Connection String: DSN=OCS1;UID=sa;PWD=1NT3rn@t10n@l; Parameter Style: ? placeholders Projects: BPQuery

using var connection = new OdbcConnection(connectionString);
connection.Open();

string sql = @"
SELECT Person.Pers_CompanyId, Person.Pers_AccountId, Person.Pers_FirstName,
       Person.Pers_LastName, Person.Pers_EmailAddress, Account.Acc_Name,
       Person.pers_webusername, Person.pers_webaccesslevel
FROM Person
    LEFT OUTER JOIN Company ON Person.Pers_CompanyId = Company.Comp_CompanyId
    LEFT OUTER JOIN Account ON Person.Pers_AccountId = Account.Acc_AccountID
WHERE Person.Pers_EmailAddress LIKE ?
   OR Person.pers_webusername LIKE ?
   OR Account.acc_code LIKE ?";

using var command = new OdbcCommand(sql, connection);
command.Parameters.Add(new OdbcParameter("p1", $"%{searchTerm}%"));
command.Parameters.Add(new OdbcParameter("p2", $"%{searchTerm}%"));
command.Parameters.Add(new OdbcParameter("p3", $"%{searchTerm}%"));

X3 Key Tables:

• Person - User/contact data
• Company - Company information
• Account - Account information

Sage1000 ODBC Access

Connection String: DSN=OCS1;UID=sa;PWD=1NT3rn@t10n@l; Parameter Style: ? placeholders Projects: BPQuery, CS-EM2Parquet (configured) Note: Same connection as X3, but server will be deprecated soon

using var connection = new OdbcConnection(connectionString);
connection.Open();

string sql = @"
SELECT Person.Pers_PersonId, Person.Pers_FirstName, Person.Pers_LastName,
       Person.Pers_EmailAddress, Person.pers_webusername, Person.pers_webaccesslevel,
       Person.pers_WebAllowBannedProducts, Person.pers_WebOrderBannedProducts,
       Account.Acc_Name, Account.acc_code, Company.Comp_Name
FROM Person
    LEFT OUTER JOIN Company ON Person.Pers_CompanyId = Company.Comp_CompanyId
    LEFT OUTER JOIN Account ON Person.Pers_AccountId = Account.Acc_AccountID
WHERE Person.Pers_Status = 1
  AND Person.Pers_Deleted IS NULL";

using var command = new OdbcCommand(sql, connection);

Sage1000 Permission Fields:

• pers_webaccesslevel - User access level
• pers_WebAllowBannedProducts - Banned product access
• pers_WebOrderBannedProducts - Order banned products
• pers_WebExportProducts - Export permissions
• pers_WebDownloadImages - Image download rights

MySQL Access Patterns

Connection String (Native): Server=rocs-production-es.ramsden-international.com;Port=6033;Database=keycloak;Uid=crm;Pwd=CrmP0ller; Parameter Style: @parameter (native) or ? (ODBC) Projects: BPQuery, CS-EM2Parquet

// Native MySQL connection
using var connection = new MySqlConnection(connectionString);
connection.Open();

string sql = @"
SELECT EVENT_TIME, TYPE, ERROR, IP_ADDRESS, CLIENT_ID, DETAILS_JSON
FROM EVENT_ENTITY
WHERE JSON_EXTRACT(DETAILS_JSON, '$.username') = @username
  AND EVENT_TIME > @minTime
ORDER BY EVENT_TIME DESC
LIMIT 50000";

using var command = new MySqlCommand(sql, connection);
command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@username", username);
command.Parameters.AddWithValue("@minTime", minTimestamp);

MySQL Features:

• JSON_EXTRACT for complex data
• Unix timestamp handling
• Large batch processing (50k records)
• Incremental sync with time-based filtering

PostgreSQL Direct Access (Npgsql - Recommended)

Connection String: Host=rivsprod01;Database=x3rocs;Username=jordan Parameter Style: $1, $2, $3 positional parameters Library: Npgsql Projects: PgQuery (command-line tool)

using Npgsql;

// Direct PostgreSQL connection with native features
using var conn = new NpgsqlConnection("Host=rivsprod01;Database=x3rocs;Username=jordan");
conn.Open();

// Native array support - no special handling needed!
string sql = "SELECT * FROM products WHERE category = ANY($1) AND active = $2";
using var cmd = new NpgsqlCommand(sql, conn);
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(new[] { "electronics", "computers" });
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(true);

using var reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();
while (reader.Read())
{
    var id = reader.GetInt32(0);
    var name = reader.GetString(1);
    var category = reader.GetString(2);
}

Key Benefits:

• Native array support (no manual ARRAY[] construction)
• Better performance than ODBC
• PostgreSQL-specific features (JSON, arrays, etc.)
• Proper parameter typing
• Simpler code

CRITICAL: Type Casts Required for Functions with VARCHAR Parameters

When calling PostgreSQL functions that have VARCHAR parameters with specific lengths (e.g., VARCHAR(15)), you MUST use explicit type casts in the SQL. PostgreSQL treats VARCHAR without a length as a different type than VARCHAR(n), causing function signature mismatches.

using Npgsql;
using NpgsqlTypes;

// WRONG - PostgreSQL sees this as VARCHAR (no length) or TEXT
var cmd = new NpgsqlCommand("SELECT upsert_price_discount($1, $2, $3)", connection);
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(priceProfile);  // Error: function does not exist

// CORRECT - Use explicit type casts in SQL matching function signature
var cmd = new NpgsqlCommand(@"
    SELECT rocs.upsert_price_discount(
        $1::VARCHAR(15),  -- price_profile
        $2::VARCHAR(20),  -- sphkey1
        $3::VARCHAR(10),  -- currency_code (nullable)
        $4,               -- quantity (INTEGER - no cast needed)
        $5                -- amount (NUMERIC - no cast needed)
    )", connection);

// Add parameters with explicit types
cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = priceProfile, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });
cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = sphkey1, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });

// Nullable VARCHAR - specify type for both value and NULL
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(currencyCode))
    cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = currencyCode, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });
else
    cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = DBNull.Value, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(quantity);  // INTEGER - Npgsql infers correctly
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(amount);    // NUMERIC - Npgsql infers correctly

await cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

Complete Example with Function Definition:

-- Function definition in PostgreSQL
CREATE FUNCTION upsert_price_discount(
    p_price_profile VARCHAR(15),
    p_list_type VARCHAR(15),
    p_sphkey1 VARCHAR(20),
    p_currency_code VARCHAR(10),
    p_quantity INTEGER,
    p_amount NUMERIC(9,2)
) RETURNS VOID AS $$
BEGIN
    -- function body
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

// Calling the function from C# with proper type casts
await using var cmd = new NpgsqlCommand(@"
    SELECT upsert_price_discount(
        $1::VARCHAR(15), $2::VARCHAR(15), $3::VARCHAR(20), $4::VARCHAR(10),
        $5, $6
    )", connection);

cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = document.PriceProfile, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });
cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = document.ListType, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });
cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = document.Sphkey1, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });

// Nullable parameter
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(document.CurrencyCode))
    cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = document.CurrencyCode, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });
else
    cmd.Parameters.Add(new NpgsqlParameter { Value = DBNull.Value, NpgsqlDbType = NpgsqlDbType.Varchar });

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(document.Quantity);
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(document.Amount != 0 ? document.Amount : DBNull.Value);

await cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();

Key Rules:

1. VARCHAR parameters: Always cast in SQL: $1::VARCHAR(15)
2. NULL VARCHAR parameters: Use NpgsqlDbType.Varchar in C#
3. INTEGER/NUMERIC: No cast needed - Npgsql infers correctly
4. TEXT parameters: No cast needed (TEXT has no length restriction)

Common NpgsqlDbType values:

• NpgsqlDbType.Varchar - VARCHAR columns (required for type matching)
• NpgsqlDbType.Numeric - NUMERIC/DECIMAL columns
• NpgsqlDbType.Integer - INTEGER columns
• NpgsqlDbType.Date - DATE columns
• NpgsqlDbType.Timestamp - TIMESTAMP columns
• NpgsqlDbType.Text - TEXT columns

Error symptoms:

• function ... does not exist with types like character varying instead of varchar(n)
• Hint: "You might need to add explicit type casts"
• This indicates missing ::VARCHAR(n) casts in SQL

PostgreSQL ODBC Access (Legacy)

Connection String: ODBC DSN-based (specific DSN varies) Parameter Style: ? with special array handling Projects: CRMPollerFixer, JordanPrice (via ServiceLib) Note: Use Npgsql for new development

// Legacy ODBC array parameter handling - only use for existing ODBC code
public static string CreatePostgresArrayLiteral(IEnumerable<string> values)
{
    var escapedValues = values.Select(v => "'" + v.Replace("'", "''") + "'");
    return $"ARRAY[{string.Join(", ", escapedValues)}]";
}

public static string PreparePostgresQuery(string sqlQuery, Dictionary<string, object> parameters)
{
    string result = sqlQuery;
    foreach (var param in parameters)
    {
        string paramValue;
        if (param.Value is IEnumerable<string> stringArray)
        {
            paramValue = CreatePostgresArrayLiteral(stringArray);
        }
        else if (param.Value is bool boolValue)
        {
            paramValue = boolValue ? "true" : "false";
        }
        else if (param.Value is string stringValue)
        {
            paramValue = "'" + stringValue.Replace("'", "''") + "'";
        }
        else
        {
            paramValue = param.Value?.ToString() ?? "NULL";
        }

        int pos = result.IndexOf('?');
        if (pos >= 0)
        {
            result = result.Substring(0, pos) + paramValue + result.Substring(pos + 1);
        }
    }
    return result;
}

PgQuery Command-Line Tool

Location: Y:\CSharpDLLs\PgQuery\PgQuery.exe (production) or C:\Users\matthew.heath\Git\PgQuery (development) Purpose: Ad-hoc PostgreSQL query execution with JSON-based configuration and formatted output Repository: [e-mail]:matthew.heath/PgQuery.git

Key Features

• JSON Configuration: Database connection settings stored in reusable config files
• Query & Non-Query Support: Executes SELECT queries with formatted output, or UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE commands with affected row counts
• File or Inline SQL: Run SQL from command-line arguments or external .sql files
• Output Export: Save query results to text files
• Network Deployment: Release builds automatically deploy to \\rivsts05\Software\CSharpDLLs\PgQuery\ (mapped as Y:\CSharpDLLs\PgQuery\)

Configuration Format

Create a JSON configuration file with database connection settings:

{
  "host": "rivsprod01",
  "database": "x3rocs",
  "username": "jordan",
  "password": null,
  "port": 5432
}

Example Config Locations:

• R:\JsonParams\CRMPollerFixer.config.json
• R:\JsonParams\mydb.config.json

Usage Patterns

# Execute SQL directly
PgQuery --config "R:\JsonParams\mydb.config.json" --sql "SELECT * FROM products LIMIT 10"

# Execute SQL from file
PgQuery --config "R:\JsonParams\mydb.config.json" --file query.sql

# Save output to file
PgQuery -c "R:\JsonParams\mydb.config.json" -s "SELECT * FROM products" -o results.txt
PgQuery -c "R:\JsonParams\mydb.config.json" -f query.sql -o results.txt

# Execute UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE commands
PgQuery --config "R:\JsonParams\mydb.config.json" --sql "UPDATE orders SET status = 'shipped' WHERE order_id = 12345"

Command-Line Options

Option	Short	Description	Required
--config	-c	Path to JSON configuration file	Yes
--sql	-s	SQL query string to execute	Yes*
--file	-f	Path to SQL script file	Yes*
--output	-o	Path to output file for results	No

* Either --sql or --file must be provided

Output Examples

SELECT Query Output:

username                 email                    active
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
john.doe                 [e-mail]         true
jane.smith               [e-mail]         true

(2 rows)

Non-Query Command Output (UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE):

(5 row(s) affected)

Supported non-query commands: UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, ALTER, TRUNCATE

Implementation Details

Framework: .NET 9.0 Database Driver: Npgsql 8.0.6 Configuration: System.Text.Json 9.0.0

using Npgsql;
using System.Text.Json;

// Load configuration from JSON
var config = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<Config>(File.ReadAllText(configPath));
var connString = config.GetConnectionString();

using var conn = new NpgsqlConnection(connString);
conn.Open();

// Detect non-query commands (UPDATE, INSERT, DELETE, etc.)
if (sql.TrimStart().StartsWith("UPDATE", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
    sql.TrimStart().StartsWith("INSERT", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
    sql.TrimStart().StartsWith("DELETE", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
{
    using var cmd = new NpgsqlCommand(sql, conn);
    int affected = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
    Console.WriteLine($"({affected} row(s) affected)");
}
else
{
    // SELECT queries - formatted table output
    using var cmd = new NpgsqlCommand(sql, conn);
    using var reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();

    // Print column headers
    for (int i = 0; i < reader.FieldCount; i++)
    {
        Console.Write(reader.GetName(i).PadRight(25));
    }
    Console.WriteLine();

    // Print rows
    int rowCount = 0;
    while (reader.Read())
    {
        for (int i = 0; i < reader.FieldCount; i++)
        {
            var value = reader.IsDBNull(i) ? "NULL" : reader.GetValue(i).ToString();
            Console.Write((value ?? "NULL").PadRight(25));
        }
        Console.WriteLine();
        rowCount++;
    }

    Console.WriteLine($"\n({rowCount} rows)");
}

When to Use PgQuery:

• Quick ad-hoc queries during development
• Testing SQL before integrating into code
• Exploring database schema and data
• Generating reports to file
• Running UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE commands with affected row counts
• Working with different database configurations via JSON files

ExecuteAndMap Pattern Implementation

Core Implementation (ServiceLib/ODBC.cs)

public class ODBC : IDisposable
{
    private readonly OdbcConnection _connection;
    private readonly ILogger _logger;

    public ODBC(string connectionString, ILogger logger)
    {
        _connectionString = connectionString;
        _connection = new OdbcConnection(connectionString);
        _logger = logger;
    }

    public List<TResult> ExecuteAndMap<TResult>(
        string query,
        Dictionary<string, object>? parameters,
        Func<IDataReader, TResult> mapper
    )
    {
        var results = new List<TResult>();

        try
        {
            Open();
            using var reader = ExecuteReader(query, parameters);
            while (reader.Read())
            {
                results.Add(mapper(reader));
            }
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            _logger.LogError(ex, "Error executing query: {Query}", query);
            throw;
        }
        finally
        {
            Close();
        }

        return results;
    }

    private IDataReader ExecuteReader(string query, Dictionary<string, object>? parameters)
    {
        var command = new OdbcCommand(query, _connection);

        if (parameters != null)
        {
            foreach (var param in parameters)
            {
                command.Parameters.Add(new OdbcParameter(param.Key, param.Value));
            }
        }

        return command.ExecuteReader();
    }
}

Usage Patterns

// Simple mapping
var users = odbc.ExecuteAndMap("SELECT * FROM Person WHERE Pers_Status = ?",
    new Dictionary<string, object> { {"status", 1} },
    reader => new User
    {
        Id = reader.GetInt32("Pers_PersonId"),
        FirstName = reader.GetString("Pers_FirstName"),
        LastName = reader.GetString("Pers_LastName"),
        Email = reader.GetString("Pers_EmailAddress")
    });

// Safe null handling
var prices = odbc.ExecuteAndMap(query, null, reader => new PriceData
{
    ProductCode = reader.IsDBNull(4) ? "" : reader.GetValue(4).ToString() ?? "",
    ListPrice = reader.IsDBNull(18) ? 0 : Convert.ToDecimal(reader.GetValue(18)),
    EffectiveDate = reader.IsDBNull(16) ? DateTime.MinValue : Convert.ToDateTime(reader.GetValue(16))
});

// Complex data transformation
var events = odbc.ExecuteAndMap(eventQuery, null, reader => new EventData
{
    Username = JsonExtract(reader.GetString("DETAILS_JSON"), "$.username"),
    EventTime = UnixTimeStampToDateTime(reader.GetInt64("EVENT_TIME")),
    EventType = reader.GetString("TYPE"),
    HasError = !string.IsNullOrEmpty(reader.GetString("ERROR"))
});

Parameter Styles by Database System

Database	Parameter Style	Example	Notes
DuckDB	? placeholders	WHERE EVENT_TIME >= ?	ODBC standard
Exportmaster	? placeholders	WHERE SPHKEY1 IN (?)	DBISAM system
X3 SQL Server	? placeholders	WHERE Person.Pers_EmailAddress LIKE ?	Via ODBC
Sage1000	? placeholders	WHERE Person.Pers_Status = ?	Via ODBC
MySQL (Native)	@parameter style	WHERE username = @username	MySqlCommand
MySQL (ODBC)	? placeholders	WHERE username = ?	Standard ODBC
PostgreSQL (Npgsql)	$1, $2, $3 positional	WHERE category = ANY($1)	Recommended
PostgreSQL (ODBC)	? with literals	WHERE category = ANY(ARRAY['val1'])	Legacy only

Database-Specific Considerations

Connection Management

// Standard pattern for all ODBC connections
using var connection = new OdbcConnection(connectionString);
connection.Open();

// Timeout handling
using var command = new OdbcCommand(sql, connection);
command.CommandTimeout = 60; // DuckDB needs longer timeouts

Batch Processing

// MySQL batch processing (50k records)
const int batchSize = 50000;
string sql = "SELECT * FROM EVENT_ENTITY WHERE EVENT_TIME > @minTime LIMIT @batchSize OFFSET @offset";

// DuckDB batch processing (40 records for UI)
string sql = "SELECT * FROM read_parquet('file.parquet') ORDER BY EVENT_TIME DESC LIMIT 40";

// Exportmaster incremental processing
var maxDate = existingData.Max(x => x.EffectiveDate);
string sql = "SELECT * FROM PRICDETL WHERE SpdDateEff > ?";

Error Handling Patterns

try
{
    var results = odbc.ExecuteAndMap(query, parameters, mapper);
    _logger.LogInformation($"Retrieved {results.Count} records from {databaseName}");
    return results;
}
catch (OdbcException ex)
{
    _logger.LogError(ex, "ODBC error executing query against {Database}: {Query}", databaseName, query);
    throw;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
    _logger.LogError(ex, "Unexpected error executing query against {Database}", databaseName);
    throw;
}

Migration Recommendations

ODBC to Native Driver Migration

PostgreSQL (ODBC → Npgsql):

• ✅ Direct access implemented and proven (PgQuery)
• ✅ Native array support simplifies code
• ✅ Better performance
• Action: Use Npgsql for all new PostgreSQL development

MySQL (ODBC → MySql.Data):

• Already using native driver in production (BPQuery)
• Use native driver for new development

DuckDB:

• Continue using ODBC
• No native C# driver available
• ODBC provides all needed features
• You can run the CLI with "Y:\Data Warehouse\duckdb\duckdb.exe"

Exportmaster

• Continue using ODBC
• Proprietary systems with limited driver options

X3/Sage1000

• Microsoft SQL Server
• use native driver