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PostgreSQL database patterns for query optimization, schema design, indexing, and security.
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| name | postgres-patterns |
| description | PostgreSQL database patterns for query optimization, schema design, indexing, and security. |
| origin | ECC |
Quick reference for PostgreSQL best practices.
| Query Pattern | Index Type | Example |
|---|---|---|
WHERE col = value | B-tree (default) | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col) |
WHERE col > value | B-tree | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col) |
WHERE a = x AND b > y | Composite | CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b) |
WHERE jsonb @> '{}' | GIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col) |
WHERE tsv @@ query | GIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col) |
| Time-series ranges | BRIN | CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col) |
| Use Case | Correct Type | Avoid |
|---|---|---|
| IDs | bigint | int, random UUID |
| Strings | text | varchar(255) |
| Timestamps | timestamptz | timestamp |
| Money | numeric(10,2) | float |
| Flags | boolean | varchar, int |
-- Composite Index (equality first, then range)
CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
-- Covering Index
CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
-- Partial Index
CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-- UPSERT
INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value) VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
ON CONFLICT (user_id, key) DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;
-- Cursor Pagination (O(1) vs OFFSET O(n))
SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
-- Queue Processing
UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
WHERE id = (
SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
) RETURNING *;
-- Find unindexed foreign keys
SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
FROM pg_constraint c
JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
WHERE c.contype = 'f'
AND NOT EXISTS (
SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
);
-- Find slow queries
SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE mean_exec_time > 100 ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;