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implementing-ebpf-security-monitoring Implements eBPF-based security monitoring using Cilium Tetragon for real-time process execution tracking, network connection observability, file access auditing, and runtime enforcement. Covers TracingPolicy CRD authoring with kprobe/tracepoint hooks, in-kernel filtering via matchArgs/matchBinaries selectors, JSON event export, and integration with SIEM pipelines. Use when building kernel-level runtime security observability for Linux hosts or Kubernetes clusters.
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name implementing-ebpf-security-monitoring description Implements eBPF-based security monitoring using Cilium Tetragon for real-time process execution tracking, network connection observability, file access auditing, and runtime enforcement. Covers TracingPolicy CRD authoring with kprobe/tracepoint hooks, in-kernel filtering via matchArgs/matchBinaries selectors, JSON event export, and integration with SIEM pipelines. Use when building kernel-level runtime security observability for Linux hosts or Kubernetes clusters.
domain cybersecurity subdomain security-operations tags ["ebpf","tetragon","cilium","runtime-security","observability","kernel-security","kubernetes-security"] version 1.0 author mukul975 license Apache-2.0 nist_ai_rmf ["MEASURE-2.7","MAP-5.1","MANAGE-2.4"] atlas_techniques ["AML.T0070","AML.T0066","AML.T0082"] nist_csf ["DE.CM-01","RS.MA-01","GV.OV-01","DE.AE-02"] mitre_attack ["T1078","T1190","T1059","T1685.002","T1685.005"]
Implementing eBPF Security Monitoring
When to Use
When deploying kernel-level runtime security monitoring on Linux hosts or Kubernetes clusters
When you need sub-millisecond visibility into process execution, network connections, and file access
When traditional userspace monitoring tools introduce unacceptable performance overhead
When building detection pipelines that require in-kernel filtering before events reach userspace
When enforcing runtime security policies (kill process, send signal) at the kernel level
Prerequisites
Linux kernel 5.3+ with BTF (BPF Type Format) support enabled
Kubernetes 1.24+ cluster (for Kubernetes deployment) or standalone Linux host
Helm 3.x installed (for Kubernetes deployment)
kubectl configured with cluster accesstetra CLI installed for local event streamingPython 3.8+ with requests, kubernetes, pyyaml dependencies
Root or CAP_BPF/CAP_SYS_ADMIN capabilities for eBPF program loading
Instructions
1. Install Tetragon on Kubernetes
Deploy Tetragon via Helm to get default process lifecycle observability:
helm repo add cilium https://helm.cilium.io
helm repo update
helm install tetragon cilium/tetragon -n kube-system \
--set tetragon.enableProcessCred=true \
--set tetragon.enableProcessNs=true
Verify the installation:
kubectl get pods -n kube-system -l app.kubernetes.io/name=tetragon
kubectl logs -n kube-system -l app.kubernetes.io/name=tetragon -c export-stdout -f | head -20
2. Install Tetragon on Standalone Linux
For non-Kubernetes Linux hosts, install from the tarball release:
curl -LO https://github.com/cilium/tetragon/releases/latest/download/tetragon-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar xzf tetragon-linux-amd64.tar.gz
sudo cp tetragon /usr/local/bin/
sudo cp tetra /usr/local/bin/
sudo tetragon --btf /sys/kernel/btf/vmlinux &
tetra getevents -o compact
3. Monitor Process Execution (Default) Tetragon generates process_exec and process_exit events by default without any TracingPolicy:
tetra getevents -o compact
tetra getevents -o json | jq '.process_exec // .process_exit'
Example process_exec JSON event:
{
"process_exec" : {
"process" : {
"binary" : "/usr/bin/curl" ,
"arguments" : "https://malicious.example.com/payload" ,
"cwd" : "/tmp" ,
"uid" : 1000 ,
"pod" : {
"namespace" : "default" ,
"name" : "webapp-7b4d9f8c6-x2k9p"
} ,
"parent" : {
"binary" : "/bin/bash" ,
"pid" : 1234
}
}
}
}
4. Author TracingPolicy for File Access Monitoring Create a TracingPolicy CRD to monitor access to sensitive files via the sys_openat kprobe:
apiVersion: cilium.io/v1alpha1
kind: TracingPolicy
metadata:
name: monitor-sensitive-file-access
spec:
kprobes:
- call: "fd_install"
syscall: false
args:
- index: 0
type: "int"
- index: 1
type: "file"
selectors:
- matchArgs:
- index: 1
operator: "Prefix"
values:
- "/etc/shadow"
- "/etc/passwd"
- "/etc/sudoers"
- "/root/.ssh/"
- "/etc/kubernetes/pki/"
matchActions:
- action: Post
kubectl apply -f file-access-monitor.yaml
tetra getevents -o compact --process-filter "event_set:PROCESS_KPROBE"
5. Author TracingPolicy for Network Connection Monitoring Monitor outbound TCP connections using the tcp_connect kprobe:
apiVersion: cilium.io/v1alpha1
kind: TracingPolicy
metadata:
name: monitor-tcp-connections
spec:
kprobes:
- call: "tcp_connect"
syscall: false
args:
- index: 0
type: "sock"
selectors:
- matchActions:
- action: Post
6. Author TracingPolicy for Privilege Escalation Detection Detect setuid/setgid calls that may indicate privilege escalation:
apiVersion: cilium.io/v1alpha1
kind: TracingPolicy
metadata:
name: detect-privilege-escalation
spec:
kprobes:
- call: "__sys_setuid"
syscall: false
args:
- index: 0
type: "int"
selectors:
- matchArgs:
- index: 0
operator: "Equal"
values:
- "0"
matchActions:
- action: Post
- call: "commit_creds"
syscall: false
args:
- index: 0
type: "cred"
selectors:
- matchActions:
- action: Post
7. Runtime Enforcement with Sigkill Action Block unauthorized binary execution by killing the process in-kernel:
apiVersion: cilium.io/v1alpha1
kind: TracingPolicy
metadata:
name: enforce-no-crypto-miners
spec:
kprobes:
- call: "sys_execve"
syscall: true
args:
- index: 0
type: "string"
selectors:
- matchArgs:
- index: 0
operator: "Postfix"
values:
- "xmrig"
- "minerd"
- "cpuminer"
- "cryptonight"
matchActions:
- action: Sigkill
8. Export Events to SIEM Configure Tetragon to export JSON events to a file sink for Fluentd/Filebeat/Vector ingestion:
helm upgrade tetragon cilium/tetragon -n kube-system \
--set tetragon.exportFilename=/var/log/tetragon/tetragon.log \
--set tetragon.exportFileMaxSizeMB=100 \
--set tetragon.exportFileMaxBackups=5
Then configure your log shipper (e.g., Filebeat) to tail /var/log/tetragon/tetragon.log and send to your SIEM.
9. Kubernetes-Aware Namespace Filtering Use TracingPolicyNamespaced to scope monitoring to specific namespaces:
apiVersion: cilium.io/v1alpha1
kind: TracingPolicyNamespaced
metadata:
name: monitor-production-file-access
namespace: production
spec:
kprobes:
- call: "fd_install"
syscall: false
args:
- index: 0
type: "int"
- index: 1
type: "file"
selectors:
- matchArgs:
- index: 1
operator: "Prefix"
values:
- "/etc/shadow"
- "/etc/passwd"
Examples
Detect Reverse Shell Connections
apiVersion: cilium.io/v1alpha1
kind: TracingPolicy
metadata:
name: detect-reverse-shells
spec:
kprobes:
- call: "tcp_connect"
syscall: false
args:
- index: 0
type: "sock"
selectors:
- matchBinaries:
- operator: "In"
values:
- "/bin/bash"
- "/bin/sh"
- "/usr/bin/python3"
- "/usr/bin/perl"
- "/usr/bin/nc"
- "/usr/bin/ncat"
matchActions:
- action: Post
Monitor Container Escape Attempts
apiVersion: cilium.io/v1alpha1
kind: TracingPolicy
metadata:
name: detect-container-escape
spec:
kprobes:
- call: "sys_openat"
syscall: true
args:
- index: 0
type: "int"
- index: 1
type: "string"
selectors:
- matchArgs:
- index: 1
operator: "Prefix"
values:
- "/proc/1/root"
- "/proc/1/ns"
- "/sys/kernel/security"
- "/proc/sysrq-trigger"
matchActions:
- action: Post
- call: "sys_mount"
syscall: true
args:
- index: 0
type: "string"
- index: 1
type: "string"
- index: 2
type: "string"
selectors:
- matchActions:
- action: Post
Full Event Pipeline: Tetragon to Elasticsearch
tetra getevents -o json | jq -c 'select(.process_kprobe != null)' | \
while IFS= read -r line; do
curl -s -X POST "http://elasticsearch:9200/tetragon-events/_doc" \
-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
-d "$line "
done
