israeli-accessibility-compliance

name	israeli-accessibility-compliance
description	Implement Israeli web accessibility compliance per IS 5568 standard, anchored to WCAG 2.0 AA (IS 5568 adds some 2.1-aligned criteria; sources differ), for Hebrew RTL applications. Use when user asks about Israeli accessibility law, "negishot" (accessibility), IS 5568, "teken negishot" (accessibility standard), "nachim" (disabilities), Hebrew screen reader support, RTL ARIA patterns, or accessibility audit for Israeli websites. Covers mandatory legal requirements under the Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities Act, who is exempt, enforcement and penalties, the accessibility coordinator role, Hebrew screen reader compatibility (NVDA, JAWS, VoiceOver), and RTL-specific ARIA patterns. Do NOT use for general WCAG guidance without Israeli context (use standard a11y resources instead). Activate for: נגישות, נגישות אתרים, תקן נגישות, תקן 5568, תקנות נגישות, חוק שוויון זכויות לאנשים עם מוגבלות, רכז נגישות, הצהרת נגישות, קורא מסך, נגישות דיגיטלית.
license	MIT
allowed-tools	Bash(python:*) Bash(pip:*)
compatibility	Works with any web framework. Python 3.9+ for audit script. No network required for core patterns. axe-core for automated testing.

Israeli Accessibility Compliance

Instructions

Step 1: Understand the Legal Framework

Israeli web accessibility (negishot) is legally mandatory under the Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities Act (Chok Shivyon Zechuyot Le'Anashim Im Mugbaluyot), 1998 and the Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities (Service Accessibility Accommodations) Regulations, 2013 (Takanot Negishut LeSherut).

Regulation	Requirement	Status	Penalty
IS 5568 (2017, updated 2020 and 2023)	Israeli accessibility standard, anchored to WCAG 2.0 AA	Mandatory since October 2017; compliance deadline extended to October 2020 for pre-2017 businesses	Up to 50,000 NIS statutory civil damages per violation, without proof of harm
Takanat Negishut LeSherut (2013)	Public websites and apps must comply	In effect; covers services provided to the public	Lawsuits + statutory damages
Mobile applications	Included in scope per the 2013 regulations; explicitly reaffirmed in later updates	In effect	Same statutory damages
Government sites	Must meet IS 5568 Level AA	In effect	Commission oversight + administrative penalty

Note on WCAG version. The statute and regulations reference IS 5568. The dominant reading is that IS 5568, including the September 2023 Part 1 edition, stays legally anchored to WCAG 2.0 AA, with WCAG 2.1 alignment being partial or vendor-claimed rather than the legal baseline. Some sources describe IS 5568:2020 as WCAG 2.1 AA, so sources differ. The safe working target is WCAG 2.0 AA plus the Israeli-specific additions below; meeting WCAG 2.1 (and 2.2) criteria on top of that is useful future-proofing but is not the floor the law sets.

Who must comply: All public-facing Israeli websites and mobile applications of service providers open to the public, including government agencies, educational institutions, healthcare providers, businesses, and non-profits.

Step 2: Who Is Exempt

The Service Accessibility Regulations base website-accessibility exemptions on revenue, not on employee count. There is no "25 employees" or "300,000 NIS" trigger in the regulations. The exemption tiers are:

Operator	Exemption
Osek patur (VAT-exempt dealer)	Full exemption from website accessibility
Average annual revenue under 100,000 NIS	Temporary 3-year exemption, renewable every 3 years as long as average revenue stays at or below 120,000 NIS
Average annual revenue 100,000 NIS to 1,000,000 NIS	3-year exemption for an existing site whose operation began before 26 October 2017; a site built after that date must be accessible
Average annual revenue above 1,000,000 NIS	No automatic exemption. The operator must apply to the Commission for Equal Rights of Persons with Disabilities to claim a heavy-burden exemption

These exemptions (except the heavy-burden application) are automatic and need no approval, but the operator must re-check their revenue every 3 years. Exemption from website accessibility does not exempt the operator from other service-accessibility duties.

Step 3: Enforcement and Penalties

Two enforcement tracks run in parallel:

• Civil lawsuit. A claimant can sue for up to 50,000 NIS in statutory damages without proof of harm, only needing to show the site is non-compliant. 60-day cure period: a deviation is not treated as a violation unless the operator was first sent a notice demanding a fix and failed to fix it within a reasonable time, no later than 60 days from receiving the notice. A class-action request for an inaccessible site has no cause of action if no prior fix notice was sent. This is a real defense for operators.
• Administrative enforcement by the Commission. Amendment 23 to the Equal Rights Act gave the Commission for Equal Rights of Persons with Disabilities an administrative track: warnings, commitments, accessibility orders, and an administrative monetary penalty (izum kaspi). The penalty amount is scaled by the operator's size (micro business up to 2,000,000 NIS turnover, small business up to 20,000,000 NIS, regular business above that or a public authority) and by the cost of the specific accommodation, with a per-day charge while a violation continues. Reductions apply for a clean prior record and for corrective action. This penalty is separate from and on top of the 50,000 NIS civil damages.

Step 4: The Accessibility Coordinator (Rakaz Negishut)

The Service Accessibility Regulations require a service provider that is a public body, or that employs 25 or more employees, to appoint one of its staff as an accessibility coordinator (rakaz negishut). Note this 25-employee figure is the trigger for the coordinator appointment, not for the website-accessibility duty itself, which is universal subject to the revenue exemptions above. The coordinator:

• Gives the public information about the accessibility arrangements of the provider's assets and services.
• Handles accessibility inquiries and complaints from the public.
• Helps the parties responsible for accessibility carry out and maintain the required accommodations.

The coordinator's name and contact details must appear in the accessibility statement (see Step 9).

Step 5: IS 5568 vs WCAG -- Key Differences

IS 5568 is anchored to WCAG 2.0 AA (sources differ on whether the current edition reaches 2.1) and adds Israeli-specific requirements:

Area	WCAG 2.0 AA	IS 5568 Addition
Language	Declare lang attribute	Must support lang="he" with RTL
Text direction	Not specified	Must declare dir="rtl" for Hebrew content
Contrast	4.5:1 for text	Same, plus contrast check with Hebrew fonts
Form labels	Associated labels	Labels must support RTL alignment
Error messages	Descriptive errors	Must be in Hebrew for Hebrew sites
Accessibility statement	Recommended	Mandatory (Hatzaharat Negishot)
Contact info	Not required	Must provide accessibility contact method
Bilingual public bodies	Not specified	A government or public body that serves the public in Hebrew and Arabic should make its content accessible in both languages, not Hebrew only

Step 6: Set Up Accessible RTL HTML Structure

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="he" dir="rtl">
<head>
  <meta charset="utf-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  <title>שם האתר - כותרת הדף</title>
</head>
<body>
  <!-- Skip navigation link (required) -->
  <a href="#main-content" class="skip-link">דלג לתוכן הראשי</a>

  <header role="banner">
    <nav role="navigation" aria-label="ניווט ראשי">
      <!-- Navigation items -->
    </nav>
  </header>

  <main id="main-content" role="main">
    <!-- Page content -->
  </main>

  <footer role="contentinfo">
    <a href="/accessibility-statement">הצהרת נגישות</a>
  </footer>
</body>
</html>

Key IS 5568 requirements in this structure:

• lang="he" and dir="rtl" on the html element
• Skip navigation link in Hebrew ("דלג לתוכן הראשי")
• ARIA roles for landmarks
• Hebrew ARIA labels for navigation
• Link to accessibility statement (Hatzaharat Negishot) in footer

Step 7: Hebrew Screen Reader Compatibility

Test with these screen readers commonly used in Israel:

Screen Reader	Platform	Hebrew Support	Testing Notes
NVDA	Windows	Excellent with eSpeak-ng Hebrew	Free, most common in Israel
JAWS	Windows	Good with Eloquence Hebrew	Commercial, institutional use
VoiceOver	macOS/iOS	Good native Hebrew TTS	Built-in, growing adoption
TalkBack	Android	Good with Google TTS Hebrew	Built-in on Android devices

Hebrew-specific screen reader patterns:

<!-- Announce content direction changes -->
<p dir="rtl" lang="he">
  טקסט בעברית עם <span dir="ltr" lang="en">English text</span> משולב
</p>

<!-- Hebrew ARIA labels -->
<button aria-label="סגור חלון">X</button>
<input type="search" aria-label="חיפוש באתר" placeholder="חפש...">

<!-- Hebrew live regions for dynamic content -->
<div aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" dir="rtl">
  הטופס נשלח בהצלחה
</div>

Step 8: RTL-Specific ARIA Patterns

<!-- RTL form with accessible error messages -->
<form dir="rtl" novalidate>
  <div role="group" aria-labelledby="personal-info">
    <h2 id="personal-info">פרטים אישיים</h2>

    <label for="full-name">שם מלא</label>
    <input id="full-name" type="text" required
           aria-required="true"
           aria-describedby="name-error"
           aria-invalid="false">
    <span id="name-error" role="alert" class="error" hidden>
      נא למלא שם מלא
    </span>

    <label for="teudat-zehut">תעודת זהות</label>
    <input id="teudat-zehut" type="text" pattern="[0-9]{9}"
           inputmode="numeric" dir="ltr"
           aria-required="true"
           aria-describedby="tz-help tz-error">
    <span id="tz-help" class="hint">9 ספרות</span>
    <span id="tz-error" role="alert" class="error" hidden>
      מספר תעודת זהות לא תקין
    </span>
  </div>
</form>

<!-- RTL data table -->
<table dir="rtl">
  <caption>סיכום הזמנות</caption>
  <thead>
    <tr>
      <th scope="col">מספר הזמנה</th>
      <th scope="col">תאריך</th>
      <th scope="col">סכום</th>
      <th scope="col">סטטוס</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td dir="ltr">ORD-12345</td>
      <td>04/03/2026</td>
      <td dir="ltr">1,234.50 &#8362;</td>
      <td>הושלם</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

Step 9: Accessibility Statement (Hatzaharat Negishot)

IS 5568 requires a published accessibility statement. Required content:

<article dir="rtl" lang="he">
  <h1>הצהרת נגישות</h1>

  <p>אנו ב-[שם החברה] מחויבים להנגשת האתר לאנשים עם מוגבלויות
     בהתאם לתקן הישראלי IS 5568, המעוגן ב-WCAG 2.0 ברמה AA.</p>

  <h2>אמצעי נגישות באתר</h2>
  <ul>
    <li>האתר תומך בניווט מלא באמצעות מקלדת</li>
    <li>האתר תומך בקוראי מסך (NVDA, JAWS, VoiceOver)</li>
    <li>תמונות מלוות בטקסט חלופי</li>
    <li>ניגודיות צבעים עומדת ביחס 4.5:1 לפחות</li>
  </ul>

  <h2>פנייה בנושא נגישות</h2>
  <p>רכז/ת נגישות: [שם]</p>
  <p>טלפון: <a href="tel:[phone]" dir="ltr">[phone]</a></p>
  <p>דוא"ל: <a href="mailto:[e-mail]">[e-mail]</a></p>

  <p>תאריך עדכון אחרון: [תאריך]</p>
</article>

Step 10: Automated Accessibility Testing

See scripts/audit_a11y.py for the full audit pipeline.

# Quick accessibility check with axe-core via selenium
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.options import Options

def run_accessibility_audit(url):
    options = Options()
    options.add_argument('--headless')
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    driver.get(url)

    # Inject axe-core
    axe_script = open('axe.min.js').read()
    driver.execute_script(axe_script)

    # Run audit with Hebrew locale rules
    results = driver.execute_script("""
        return axe.run({
            rules: {
                'html-has-lang': { enabled: true },
                'valid-lang': { enabled: true },
                'document-title': { enabled: true },
                'bypass': { enabled: true },
                'color-contrast': { enabled: true },
                'label': { enabled: true },
                'image-alt': { enabled: true }
            }
        });
    """)

    driver.quit()
    return results

IS 5568 compliance checklist (automated + manual):

Check	Automated	Tool
lang="he" present	Yes	axe-core
dir="rtl" present	Yes	Custom rule
Color contrast 4.5:1	Yes	axe-core
All images have alt text	Yes	axe-core
Form inputs have labels	Yes	axe-core
Skip navigation link	Yes	axe-core
Keyboard navigation	Manual	Tab-through test
Screen reader compatibility	Manual	NVDA/VoiceOver test
Hebrew error messages	Manual	Visual inspection
Accessibility statement	Manual	Page existence check

See references/is-5568.md for the complete checklist mapped to IS 5568 clauses.

Recommended MCP Servers

No relevant MCP server applies to Israeli accessibility compliance. The skills-il MCP directory has no accessibility, IS 5568, or WCAG-auditing MCP at this time. The audit in this skill runs as a local Python script (scripts/audit_a11y.py), not through an MCP. If an accessibility-audit MCP is added to the directory later, prefer it for live-site scanning and keep the script for offline checks.

Examples

Example 1: Audit Existing Israeli Website

User says: "Check if my website meets Israeli accessibility standards" Result: Run scripts/audit_a11y.py against the URL, check for IS 5568 requirements including Hebrew lang attribute, RTL direction, contrast ratios, ARIA labels in Hebrew, skip navigation, and accessibility statement page. Generate a compliance report with pass/fail per criterion.

Example 2: Add Accessibility Statement Page

User says: "I need to add an accessibility page to comply with Israeli law" Result: Create a Hebrew accessibility statement (Hatzaharat Negishot) page with all legally required sections: compliance level, accessibility features, known limitations, contact information for the accessibility coordinator (rakaz negishot), and last update date.

Example 3: Fix RTL Form Accessibility

User says: "Screen readers are not reading my Hebrew form correctly" Result: Add dir="rtl" to the form element, ensure all labels are associated with inputs and use Hebrew text, add aria-required="true" for mandatory fields, provide Hebrew error messages with role="alert", and set dir="ltr" on numeric inputs like phone and ID number fields.

Example 4: Make Hebrew Data Table Accessible

User says: "My Hebrew table is not accessible to screen readers" Result: Add dir="rtl" to the table element, include a Hebrew caption, use scope="col" and scope="row" on header cells, mark LTR content like order numbers with dir="ltr", and ensure logical reading order matches visual RTL order.

Bundled Resources

Scripts

• scripts/audit_a11y.py -- Run IS 5568 accessibility audit: automated checks for Hebrew lang attribute, RTL direction, ARIA labels, contrast ratios, and skip navigation using axe-core and selenium. Generates compliance report with pass/fail per IS 5568 clause. Run: python scripts/audit_a11y.py --help

References

• references/is-5568.md -- Complete IS 5568 standard reference: clause-by-clause requirements mapped to WCAG 2.0 AA, Israeli-specific additions, exemption tiers, the two-track enforcement model (civil damages + Commission administrative penalty) with the 60-day cure period, the accessibility coordinator role, mandatory accessibility statement template, and checklist for compliance audits.
• references/widget-implementation.md -- Copy-pasteable TypeScript/React code for a Regulation 35 accessibility preferences widget: pub-sub prefs store with useSyncExternalStore, class-based CSS toggles, FOUC bootstrap script, Alt+A keyboard shortcut (layout-independent via e.code), framer-motion MotionConfig wiring, and counter-invert rules. Consult when the user wants to ship the widget surface itself, not just audit compliance.

Building a Compliant Accessibility Preferences Widget

Regulation 35 and IS 5568 require Israeli consumer-facing sites to expose an accessibility control surface that users can operate with the keyboard, typically a floating widget with toggles for contrast, text size, line spacing, cursor, and motion. This widget is a user-preference comfort tool, not an automation overlay. The difference is legally and financially significant: the FTC fined accessiBe $1M in April 2025 for misleading claims that its overlay auto-remediated sites (it didn't). The widget you ship must do only what the user asks it to do.

Feature Set

A minimum-viable Regulation 35 widget exposes these toggles:

Toggle	Type	Values
Highlight links	Binary	on / off
Contrast mode	Cycle	off / high / invert / monochrome
Text size	Cycle	100% / 115% / 130% / 150%
Line spacing	Cycle	normal / 1.6 / 2.0
Readable font	Binary	on / off (OS stack only, no webfont)
Highlight headings	Binary	on / off
Black cursor	Binary	on / off
Large cursor	Binary	on / off
Stop animations	Binary	on / off
Reset	Action	clears all preferences

Architecture

Three parts: a preferences store, a UI panel, and a CSS layer.

1. Preferences store. A pub-sub store (subscribe / getSnapshot / getServerSnapshot / set / reset) consumed by React via useSyncExternalStore. State is persisted to localStorage under a versioned key (e.g., site_a11y_prefs_v1). Version mismatches invalidate stored state so schema bumps do not leave stale fields around. Pre-populate the in-memory cache on notify() so subscriber fan-out does not trigger redundant localStorage reads.

2. UI panel. A floating trigger button (fixed bottom-6 start-6 z-40, RTL-aware via CSS logical properties) opens a Radix Sheet containing a 3-column grid of toggle cards plus a Reset action. The trigger carries aria-expanded, aria-controls, and aria-keyshortcuts="Alt+A".

3. CSS layer. Every visual change is driven by CSS classes on <html> (for example a11y-contrast-high, a11y-text-150, a11y-lines-20, a11y-reduce-motion). The widget never mutates content DOM. It does not inject alt text, reorder nodes, or rewrite ARIA. That is the line that separates a compliant user-preference tool from a banned overlay.

Single-Source Class Rules

The class list applied at runtime must be identical to the one applied by the FOUC bootstrap script (below), or users see a flash of unstyled preferences on every page load. Define the mapping once and generate both the runtime applyPrefsToElement() function and the bootstrap <script> body from the same table:

const CLASS_RULES = [
  ['a11y-links',           (p) => p.links,                 '!!p.links'],
  ['a11y-contrast-high',   (p) => p.contrast === 'high',   "p.contrast==='high'"],
  ['a11y-contrast-invert', (p) => p.contrast === 'invert', "p.contrast==='invert'"],
  ['a11y-contrast-mono',   (p) => p.contrast === 'mono',   "p.contrast==='mono'"],
  ['a11y-text-115',        (p) => p.textSize === 115,      'p.textSize===115'],
  ['a11y-text-130',        (p) => p.textSize === 130,      'p.textSize===130'],
  ['a11y-text-150',        (p) => p.textSize === 150,      'p.textSize===150'],
] as const;

FOUC Prevention

Preferences live in localStorage, which means the first paint happens at default styling and only after React hydrates does the widget re-apply the user's settings. That flash is unacceptable for users who rely on high contrast or 150% text. Fix it with an inline <script> in <head> that runs synchronously before React hydrates:

// Generated from CLASS_RULES so runtime and bootstrap can't drift
export const A11Y_BOOTSTRAP_SCRIPT =
  `(function(){try{var raw=localStorage.getItem('site_a11y_prefs_v1');` +
  `if(!raw)return;var p=JSON.parse(raw);if(p.version!==1)return;` +
  `var c=document.documentElement.classList;` +
  CLASS_RULES.map(([cls,,js]) => `c.toggle(${JSON.stringify(cls)},${js})`).join(';') +
  `}catch(e){}})()`;

In your root layout:

<head>
  <script dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: A11Y_BOOTSTRAP_SCRIPT }} />
</head>

Keep a useEffect safety net in the widget component that re-applies classes after mount. If localStorage is blocked (private browsing, quota exceeded), the bootstrap silently returns and the safety net covers the case.

Keyboard Shortcut: Use e.code, Not e.key

Regulation 35 requires the widget to be reachable from any focus context. Alt+A is the industry default. Detect it via e.code, not e.key:

if (e.altKey && !e.ctrlKey && !e.metaKey && !e.shiftKey && e.code === 'KeyA') {
  e.preventDefault();
  togglePanel();
}

On macOS, Alt+A produces the dead-key å for e.key, which fails the intuitive e.key === 'a' check. e.code is the physical key position and is layout-independent across macOS, Windows, and Linux.

ARIA Correctness

• Binary toggles (links highlight, readable font, cursor, motion, headings): use aria-pressed={active}.
• Cycling toggles (contrast, text size, line spacing): omit aria-pressed. Reading "pressed" aloud is misleading when the control has more than two states. The accessible name itself should carry the current value: aria-label={"${label}: ${valueLabel}"}.
• Live region announcing state changes: use role="status" aria-live="polite" and render it outside the Sheet portal. Portals unmount when the Sheet closes; a live region inside the portal loses late-arriving announcements.

framer-motion / Reduced Motion

If the app uses framer-motion, wrap the tree in a <MotionConfig> that mirrors the Stop Animations toggle:

<MotionConfig reducedMotion={prefs.reduceMotion ? 'always' : 'user'}>

'always' forces reduced motion when the widget toggle is on. 'user' falls back to the OS prefers-reduced-motion media query when the toggle is off, so system-level requests are still honored.

Counter-Invert the Widget

If the user enables invert or monochrome contrast, the whole page is filtered. The widget itself must be counter-inverted so the user can still read it to turn the setting off:

html.a11y-contrast-invert #a11y-widget-panel,
html.a11y-contrast-invert #a11y-widget-trigger {
  filter: invert(1) hue-rotate(180deg);
}

Forget this and users end up with an unreadable widget they cannot deactivate.

Print Rule

Reset every a11y-* class in print context so high-contrast filters and inverted colors do not follow the user to paper:

@media print {
  html[class*="a11y-"] { filter: none !important; }
  html[class*="a11y-text-"] { font-size: 100% !important; }
  html[class*="a11y-lines-"] { line-height: normal !important; }
}

See references/widget-implementation.md for complete copy-pasteable code covering the pub-sub store, the FOUC bootstrap, the React component with the ToggleCard grid, the MotionA11yProvider, and the CSS class reference table.

Avoiding Overlay Anti-Patterns

Accessibility overlay products (accessiBe, UserWay, AudioEye) claim to make sites compliant by injecting JavaScript that auto-generates alt text, rewrites ARIA, and fixes inaccessible markup at runtime. Disability advocates and US regulators have documented that overlay-protected sites still fail screen-reader testing. In April 2025 the FTC fined accessiBe $1M and ordered ongoing compliance monitoring for misleading advertising about its overlay's capabilities.

The Israeli Commission for Equal Rights of Persons with Disabilities has not endorsed any overlay product. IS 5568 compliance is evaluated against the site's actual rendered HTML, not against claims made by a plug-in.

When building the widget above, enforce these scope fences:

Do	Do NOT
Toggle CSS classes on <html>	Mutate content DOM, rewrite alt attributes, or inject ARIA
Provide user-controlled preferences (contrast, text size, motion)	Claim the widget alone makes the site "IS 5568 compliant" or "WCAG compliant"
Document scope as a comfort tool in the accessibility statement	Display a certification badge or "audited by" claim sourced from a vendor plug-in
Use OS font stacks for the readable-font toggle	Inject a webfont that changes rendered text width and re-flows past critical content
Persist preferences to localStorage and a cookie you control	Use third-party overlay SDKs that fingerprint users or apply tracking cookies as a side effect

The widget is one layer of compliance. The other layers, semantic HTML, correct dir and lang, keyboard operability, real screen-reader testing, proper form labels, working focus management, the accessibility statement page (Hatzaharat Negishot), and a named accessibility coordinator, all have to be built into the site itself. No widget substitutes for that work.

Gotchas

• Israeli accessibility law (IS 5568) is anchored to WCAG 2.0 AA (sources differ on whether the current edition reaches 2.1), and adds Israeli-specific requirements on top, including the bilingual-content expectation for public bodies that serve the public in Hebrew and Arabic (see Step 5). Agents may apply only WCAG without the Israeli additions.
• Agents may copy a stale "businesses with 25+ employees or 300,000 NIS revenue must comply" rule. That figure is not in the regulations. The website-accessibility duty is universal for public-facing services, subject to revenue-based exemptions (see Step 2, Who Is Exempt). The 25-employee number is the trigger for appointing an accessibility coordinator, a separate duty.
• Agents may skip the 60-day cure period. A non-compliant operator must first receive a fix notice and be given up to 60 days before a suit or class-action request has a cause of action (see Step 3).
• Screen readers for Hebrew (NVDA, JAWS) read RTL text differently than LTR. Agents may generate ARIA labels assuming LTR reading order, which confuses Hebrew screen reader users.
• Israeli law requires accessibility statements (hatzaharat negishut) to be published on every website. Agents may generate WCAG-compliant sites without this mandatory statement page.
• Color contrast requirements in IS 5568 match WCAG (4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text), but agents may not account for Hebrew font rendering, which can appear thinner than Latin fonts at the same size, requiring slightly higher contrast.

Reference Links

Source	URL	What to Check
Commission for Equal Rights of Persons with Disabilities	https://www.gov.il/he/departments/moj_disability_rights/govil-landing-page	Israeli accessibility law, enforcement, complaints
IS 5568 / Tav Negishut	https://www.sii.org.il/en/	Israeli Standards Institute source for the IS 5568 standard
Equal Rights Act (Nevo)	https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/p214m2_001.htm	Legal text of the Equal Rights for Persons with Disabilities Act
WCAG 2.0 quick reference	https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/?versions=2.0	Success criteria and techniques for AA compliance, the version IS 5568 is anchored to
Website accessibility exemptions (Kol Zchut)	https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/פטור_מחובת_הנגשה_לאתרי_אינטרנט_ואפליקציות	Revenue-based exemption tiers and how to claim them
NVDA Hebrew support	https://www.nvaccess.org/	Free screen reader widely used for Hebrew a11y testing

Troubleshooting

Error: "Screen reader announces content in wrong order"

Cause: Visual RTL order does not match DOM order, or missing dir attribute Solution: Ensure the DOM source order matches the intended reading order for RTL. Add dir="rtl" to container elements. Use CSS logical properties for layout instead of physical positioning that may conflict with reading order.

Error: "Hebrew form validation messages not announced"

Cause: Error messages not using ARIA live regions or alert role Solution: Add role="alert" to error message containers and ensure they are populated dynamically after validation. Use aria-describedby to link error messages to their input fields. Error text must be in Hebrew for Hebrew forms.

Error: "Skip navigation link not working in RTL layout"

Cause: Skip link positioned off-screen using physical CSS (left: -9999px) Solution: Use inset-inline-start: -9999px instead of left: -9999px for the skip link. Ensure the target element has id and tabindex="-1" for focus management. Test that the skip link is the first focusable element in tab order.