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Optimize frontend and backend performance through profiling, caching strategies, database optimization, code splitting, and Core Web Vitals improvements. Build fast user experiences.
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| name | performance-optimization |
| description | Optimize frontend and backend performance through profiling, caching strategies, database optimization, code splitting, and Core Web Vitals improvements. Build fast user experiences. |
Complete framework for identifying and fixing performance bottlenecks in web applications.
Measure First:
User Perception > Actual Speed:
80/20 Rule:
Core Web Vitals:
## Performance Baseline
**LCP (Largest Contentful Paint)**
- Goal: <2.5 seconds
- Current: [X]s
- What: Time until largest content element renders
**FID (First Input Delay)**
- Goal: <100 milliseconds
- Current: [X]ms
- What: Time from first interaction to response
**CLS (Cumulative Layout Shift)**
- Goal: <0.1
- Current: [X]
- What: Unexpected layout movements
**Time to Interactive**
- Goal: <3 seconds
- Current: [X]s
**Total Page Weight**
- Goal: <1MB
- Current: [X]MB
Tools:
Image Optimization:
<!-- ❌ SLOW: Large unoptimized image -->
<img src="hero-5mb.jpg" alt="Hero" />
<!-- ✅ FAST: Responsive images with modern formats -->
<picture>
<source srcset="hero.avif" type="image/avif" />
<source srcset="hero.webp" type="image/webp" />
<img
srcset="hero-300.jpg 300w,
hero-600.jpg 600w,
hero-1200.jpg 1200w"
sizes="(max-width: 600px) 300px,
(max-width: 1200px) 600px,
1200px"
src="hero-600.jpg"
alt="Hero"
loading="lazy"
/>
</picture>
Code Splitting:
// ❌ SLOW: Load everything upfront
import { HeavyComponent } from './HeavyComponent';
import { RarelyUsedFeature } from './RarelyUsedFeature';
// ✅ FAST: Lazy load on demand
const HeavyComponent = lazy(() => import('./HeavyComponent'));
const RarelyUsedFeature = lazy(() => import('./RarelyUsedFeature'));
// Route-based code splitting
const routes = {
'/': () => import('./pages/Home'),
'/dashboard': () => import('./pages/Dashboard'),
'/settings': () => import('./pages/Settings'),
};
JavaScript Optimization:
// ❌ SLOW: Blocking render
<script src="large-bundle.js"></script>
// ✅ FAST: Defer non-critical JS
<script src="critical.js"></script>
<script src="non-critical.js" defer></script>
// Debounce expensive operations
function debounce(fn, delay) {
let timeoutId;
return (...args) => {
clearTimeout(timeoutId);
timeoutId = setTimeout(() => fn(...args), delay);
};
}
const handleSearch = debounce(async (query) => {
const results = await searchAPI(query);
displayResults(results);
}, 300);
// Use web workers for heavy computation
const worker = new Worker('heavy-task.js');
worker.postMessage(largeDataset);
worker.onmessage = (e) => handleResults(e.data);
CSS Optimization:
/* ❌ SLOW: Expensive selectors */
.container div span a { }
/* ✅ FAST: Specific selectors */
.nav-link { }
/* Critical CSS - inline in <head> */
.header, .hero { /* styles */ }
/* Non-critical CSS - load async */
<link rel="preload" href="styles.css" as="style" onload="this.onload=null;this.rel='stylesheet'">
Resource Hints:
<!-- Preload critical resources -->
<link rel="preload" href="/critical.css" as="style" />
<link rel="preload" href="/hero.jpg" as="image" />
<!-- Prefetch next page resources -->
<link rel="prefetch" href="/next-page.js" />
<!-- DNS prefetch for external domains -->
<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//api.example.com" />
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com" />
Database Query Optimization:
-- ❌ SLOW: No index, SELECT *
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = 123;
-- ✅ FAST: Add index
CREATE INDEX idx_orders_user_id ON orders(user_id);
-- ✅ FAST: Select only needed columns
SELECT id, total, created_at
FROM orders
WHERE user_id = 123;
-- Use EXPLAIN ANALYZE
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = 123;
-- Avoid N+1 queries
-- ❌ SLOW
const users = await User.findAll();
for (const user of users) {
user.posts = await Post.findAll({ userId: user.id }); // N queries!
}
-- ✅ FAST: Use joins or eager loading
const users = await User.findAll({
include: [Post] // 1 query with JOIN
});
Caching Strategy:
// Cache-aside pattern
async function getUser(id) {
// 1. Check cache
const cached = await redis.get(`user:${id}`);
if (cached) {
return JSON.parse(cached);
}
// 2. Cache miss: fetch from DB
const user = await db.users.findById(id);
// 3. Store in cache
await redis.setex(
`user:${id}`,
JSON.stringify(user),
3600 // TTL: 1 hour
);
return user;
}
// Cache invalidation
async function updateUser(id, data) {
await db.users.update(id, data);
await redis.del(`user:${id}`); // Invalidate
}
API Optimization:
// Response compression
const compression = require('compression');
app.use(compression());
// Pagination (not loading all data)
app.get('/api/items', async (req, res) => {
const { cursor, limit = 20 } = req.query;
const items = await db.items.findMany({
where: cursor ? { id: { gt: cursor } } : {},
take: limit + 1, // Fetch one extra to check if more
});
const hasMore = items.length > limit;
if (hasMore) items.pop();
res.json({
items,
nextCursor: hasMore ? items[items.length - 1].id : null,
});
});
// Move heavy work to background
const emailQueue = new Queue('emails');
app.post('/api/orders', async (req, res) => {
const order = await createOrder(req.body);
// Queue email instead of sending inline
await emailQueue.add({ orderId: order.id });
res.json(order); // Fast response
});
Browser DevTools:
PERFORMANCE TAB:
1. Click Record
2. Perform slow action
3. Stop recording
4. Look for:
- Long tasks (>50ms)
- Main thread blocking
- Layout thrashing
- Memory leaks
NETWORK TAB:
- Check request waterfall
- Look for slow/large requests
- Verify caching headers
- Check compression
Node.js Profiling:
# Built-in profiler
node --prof app.js
# Analyze profile
node --prof-process isolate-*.log > profile.txt
# Clinic.js for visualization
npx clinic doctor -- node app.js
npx clinic flame -- node app.js
# Memory profiling
node --inspect app.js
# Then open chrome://inspect
## Performance Budget
### Page Load
| Metric | Budget | Current | Status |
|--------|--------|---------|--------|
| LCP | <2.5s | 3.1s | ❌ |
| FID | <100ms | 85ms | ✅ |
| CLS | <0.1 | 0.05 | ✅ |
| TTI | <3s | 4.2s | ❌ |
### Assets
| Asset | Budget | Current |
|-------|--------|---------|
| Total JS | <200KB | 350KB |
| Total CSS | <50KB | 45KB |
| Images/page | <500KB | 800KB |
| Total weight | <1MB | 1.5MB |
### API
| Endpoint | P50 | P95 | P99 |
|----------|-----|-----|-----|
| GET /items | <50ms | <100ms | <200ms |
| POST /order | <100ms | <200ms | <500ms |
### Actions
1. ❌ Reduce JS bundle (200KB over budget)
2. ❌ Optimize images (300KB over budget)
3. ✅ CSS within budget
## Performance Review: [Feature]
### Frontend
- [ ] Images optimized and lazy loaded
- [ ] JavaScript code split
- [ ] Critical CSS inlined
- [ ] No layout shifts (CLS <0.1)
- [ ] Long tasks broken up (<50ms)
- [ ] Resource hints used
- [ ] Fonts optimized
### Backend
- [ ] Database queries optimized (EXPLAIN ANALYZE)
- [ ] Appropriate caching
- [ ] Heavy work moved to background
- [ ] Response compression enabled
- [ ] N+1 queries eliminated
- [ ] Connection pooling configured
### Monitoring
- [ ] Performance metrics tracked
- [ ] Alerts set for regressions
- [ ] Real user monitoring (RUM)
- [ ] Synthetic monitoring
Immediate Impact:
Enable Compression (5 min)
const compression = require('compression');
app.use(compression());
Add Image Lazy Loading (10 min)
<img src="image.jpg" loading="lazy" alt="..." />
Add Database Index (5 min)
CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
Cache Static Assets (10 min)
res.setHeader('Cache-Control', 'public, max-age=31536000');
Use CDN (varies)
| Problem | Impact | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| No database indexes | 100x slower queries | Add indexes on filtered columns |
| Loading all data | Memory + slow | Paginate results |
| Synchronous heavy work | Blocking | Move to background queue |
| No caching | Repeated expensive operations | Cache at multiple levels |
| Large images | Slow page load | Optimize, lazy load, responsive |
| Too much JavaScript | Slow TTI | Code split, lazy load |
| No compression | Large transfers | Enable gzip/brotli |
| N+1 queries | Database overload | Use joins or eager loading |
Measurement:
Profiling:
Monitoring:
/security-review - Security considerations for caching/database-schema - Optimizing schema design/devops-cicd - Performance testing in CI/CDLast Updated: 2026-01-22