verb-entry

name	verb-entry
description	Requirements for creating or revising verb entries in je-dict-1. Covers transitivity, aspect/ている behavior, particle patterns, and collocations.

Verb Entry Requirements

Reminder: Write each entry individually by hand. Do not use scripts to mass-produce entries. See entry-guidelines skill.

When creating or revising VERB entries, work from the sections below as an inventory — not a checklist to clear every time. Verb-entry notes typically run 2–3 sections (~400–1,000 chars for single-sense entries; see vocabulary-notes for the full length table). Transitivity is almost always included; aspect/ている is included only when the behavior is non-obvious; medium-priority sections (register, negative usage, keigo) are included only when they add something the gloss and examples don't.

Conjugation Field (REQUIRED)

Every verb entry must include a conjugation field with the full set of conjugated forms. See the verb-conjugations skill for the complete specification.

After creating a verb entry, run python3 build/add_conjugations.py to generate the conjugation data, or include it directly. Also ensure metadata.tags.verb_class is set (e.g., "godan-ku", "ichidan", "suru").

Required Sections (HIGH PRIORITY)

1. Transitivity Information

Every verb MUST specify transitivity and its pair:

TRANSITIVITY:
- Type: Intransitive ({自動詞|じどうし}) / Transitive ({他動詞|たどうし})
- Pair: [pair verb with reading] (if exists)
- Pattern: Xが[verb] / Xを[verb]

Common pairs to know:

• 開く/開ける, 閉まる/閉める, 始まる/始める, 終わる/終える
• 出る/出す, 入る/入れる, 付く/付ける, 消える/消す
• 割れる/割る, 壊れる/壊す, 決まる/決める, 変わる/変える

Pair linking: Use prominent_see_also (NOT cross_references) to link transitive/intransitive pair verbs. The note field should indicate what the target entry is ("transitive" or "intransitive"). Always verify the back-link exists on the pair entry.

2. Aspect/ている Behavior (when non-obvious)

Explicitly state what ている means for this verb only when it's non-obvious — typically for stative/resultative verbs in the reference list below, or verbs where ている produces a state rather than an ongoing action. For ordinary action verbs where ている means "is doing X" in the expected way, this section can be omitted.

ASPECT:
- Type: Telic (has endpoint) / Atelic (ongoing)
- ている meaning: Resulting state / Ongoing action / Both
- Example: [verb]ている = [meaning]

Critical verbs needing aspect notes:

• 知る → 知っている means "know" (state), not "is learning"
• 結婚する → 結婚している means "is married" (state)
• 死ぬ → 死んでいる means "is dead" (state)
• 持つ → 持っている means "have" (state)

Reference list of verbs with non-obvious ている behavior:

Resultative state (ている = "is in the state of having done X"):

• {結婚|けっこん}する → {結婚|けっこん}している = is married
• {死|し}ぬ → {死|し}んでいる = is dead
• {座|すわ}る → {座|すわ}っている = is seated
• {立|た}つ → {立|た}っている = is standing
• {持|も}つ → {持|も}っている = has/possesses
• {着|き}る → {着|き}ている = is wearing
• {住|す}む → {住|す}んでいる = lives (at)
• {太|ふと}る → {太|ふと}っている = is fat/overweight
• {痩|や}せる → {痩|や}せている = is thin
• {開|あ}く → {開|あ}いている = is open
• {閉|し}まる → {閉|し}まっている = is closed
• {壊|こわ}れる → {壊|こわ}れている = is broken
• {決|き}まる → {決|き}まっている = is decided
• {似|に}る → {似|に}ている = resembles
• {慣|な}れる → {慣|な}れている = is accustomed
• {疲|つか}れる → {疲|つか}れている = is tired
• {落|お}ちる → {落|お}ちている = is on the ground (has fallen)
• {並|なら}ぶ → {並|なら}んでいる = is lined up
• {曲|ま}がる → {曲|ま}がっている = is bent/curved
• {混|こ}む → {混|こ}んでいる = is crowded
• {起|お}きる → {起|お}きている = is awake
• {売|う}れる → {売|う}れている = is popular / sells well
• {届|とど}く → {届|とど}いている = has arrived (is there)
• {始|はじ}まる → {始|はじ}まっている = has started (is underway)
• {終|お}わる → {終|お}わっている = is over/finished

Knowledge/cognitive state (ている = current mental state):

• {知|し}る → {知|し}っている = knows (negative: {知|し}らない, NOT {知|し}っていない)
• {覚|おぼ}える → {覚|おぼ}えている = remembers
• {信|しん}じる → {信|しん}じている = believes
• {分|わ}かる → {分|わ}かっている = understands (already)

Habitual (ている = regularly does X):

• {勤|つと}める → {勤|つと}めている = works at / is employed at
• {通|かよ}う → {通|かよ}っている = attends regularly / commutes to
• {付|つ}き{合|あ}う → {付|つ}き{合|あ}っている = is dating / is in a relationship

3. Core Particle Patterns

Show which particles the verb takes:

PARTICLE PATTERNS:
- [noun]が[verb] - [meaning]
- [noun]を[verb] - [meaning]
- [noun]に[verb] - [meaning]

4. Common Collocations

List 2-3 typical noun pairings:

COMMON PATTERNS:
- {時間|じかん}がかかる (takes time)
- {手間|てま}がかかる (takes effort)
- {お金|おかね}がかかる (costs money)

Medium Priority Sections

5. Register Label

Mark as: Casual / Neutral / Formal

6. Negative Usage Notes

State when the verb is NOT used:

WHEN NOT USED:
- {降|ふ}る: Only for precipitation, never for objects falling
- Use {落|お}ちる for objects dropping

7. Keigo Cross-References (for common verbs)

Link to honorific alternatives:

• {食|た}べる → {召|め}し{上|あ}がる / いただく
• {来|く}る → いらっしゃる

Template for Notes Section

Important: Follow the formatting guidelines in the vocabulary-notes skill for proper structure.

[Verb] is [transitivity type]. The transitive/intransitive pair is [pair verb].

ASPECT (ている):
[explanation of aspect behavior]

COMMON PATTERNS:
- [collocation 1]
- [collocation 2]
- [collocation 3]

[Any register notes, negative usage, or keigo references]

Example Sentences

See the example-sentences skill for complete requirements including:

• Minimum counts: 5 examples per sense (basic/core) or 3 (general)
• Progressive length: Examples should get longer from first to last
• Vocabulary restrictions by tier
• Quality standards and formatting

Sense Numbers in Examples

For verbs with multiple senses, each example must include a sense_numbers field:

"examples": [
  {
    "id": "00001_verb_ex1",
    "japanese": "...",
    "english": "...",
    "sense_numbers": [1]
  }
]

Verb-specific guidelines:

• Each example should clearly demonstrate the sense it's tagged with
• Transitivity-related examples typically share the same sense
• Figurative vs. literal uses often require different sense numbers
• Idiomatic expressions may warrant their own sense
• Show particle patterns ({noun}を{verb}, {noun}に{verb}, etc.)
• Demonstrate ている usage where relevant

Required Tags for Verbs

All verb entries must include these tags in metadata.tags:

"metadata": {
  "tags": {
    "pos": ["verb-godan"],           // verb-godan, verb-ichidan, verb-suru, verb-kuru, verb-irregular
    "transitivity": "transitive",    // REQUIRED for verbs: transitive, intransitive, or both
    "formality": "neutral",          // formal, neutral, informal, vulgar
    "politeness": "plain",           // honorific, humble, polite, plain
    "semantic": ["movement"]         // Choose appropriate category
  }
}

Transitivity tag values:

• transitive: Takes a direct object (他動詞) - Xを[verb]
• intransitive: No direct object (自動詞) - Xが[verb]
• both: Can be used both ways (rare, e.g., 増える/増やす patterns in one verb)

Semantic categories for verbs:

• movement: 行く, 来る, 歩く, 走る, 泳ぐ
• communication: 話す, 聞く, 言う, 読む, 書く
• cognition: 思う, 知る, 考える, 覚える, 忘れる
• existence: ある, いる, なる, できる
• consumption: 食べる, 飲む, 使う, 買う
• action: Fallback for verbs not fitting other categories

Quality Checklist for Verbs

• All kanji have furigana (headword, examples, AND notes)
• Verify: python3 build/verify_furigana.py <entry_id> shows "✓ OK"
• Tags complete: pos, transitivity, verb_class, formality, politeness, semantic
• Conjugation field present with full forms (see verb-conjugations skill)
• Transitivity clearly marked (自動詞/他動詞)
• Pair verb identified (if exists)
• Aspect/ている behavior explained
• Core particle patterns shown
• At least 2 collocations listed
• Examples show the verb in natural contexts
• Irregular conjugations noted (行く→行って, etc.)
• All examples have valid sense_numbers