sql-queries-window-functions

name	sql-queries-window-functions
description	Sub-skill of sql-queries: Window Functions (+4).
version	1.0.0
category	data-analytics
type	reference
scripts_exempt	true

Window Functions (+4)

Window Functions

-- Ranking
ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY created_at DESC)
RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY category ORDER BY revenue DESC)
DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY score DESC)

-- Running totals / moving averages
SUM(revenue) OVER (ORDER BY date_col ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) as running_total
AVG(revenue) OVER (ORDER BY date_col ROWS BETWEEN 6 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) as moving_avg_7d

-- Lag / Lead
LAG(value, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY entity ORDER BY date_col) as prev_value
LEAD(value, 1) OVER (PARTITION BY entity ORDER BY date_col) as next_value

-- First / Last value
FIRST_VALUE(status) OVER (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY created_at ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)
LAST_VALUE(status) OVER (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY created_at ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING)

-- Percent of total
revenue / SUM(revenue) OVER () as pct_of_total
revenue / SUM(revenue) OVER (PARTITION BY category) as pct_of_category

CTEs for Readability

WITH
-- Step 1: Define the base population
base_users AS (
    SELECT user_id, created_at, plan_type
    FROM users
    WHERE created_at >= DATE '2024-01-01'
      AND status = 'active'
),

-- Step 2: Calculate user-level metrics
user_metrics AS (
    SELECT
        u.user_id,
        u.plan_type,
        COUNT(DISTINCT e.session_id) as session_count,
        SUM(e.revenue) as total_revenue
    FROM base_users u
    LEFT JOIN events e ON u.user_id = e.user_id
    GROUP BY u.user_id, u.plan_type
),

-- Step 3: Aggregate to summary level
summary AS (
    SELECT
        plan_type,
        COUNT(*) as user_count,
        AVG(session_count) as avg_sessions,
        SUM(total_revenue) as total_revenue
    FROM user_metrics
    GROUP BY plan_type
)

SELECT * FROM summary ORDER BY total_revenue DESC;

Cohort Retention

WITH cohorts AS (
    SELECT
        user_id,
        DATE_TRUNC('month', first_activity_date) as cohort_month
    FROM users
),
activity AS (
    SELECT
        user_id,
        DATE_TRUNC('month', activity_date) as activity_month
    FROM user_activity
)
SELECT
    c.cohort_month,
    COUNT(DISTINCT c.user_id) as cohort_size,
    COUNT(DISTINCT CASE
        WHEN a.activity_month = c.cohort_month THEN a.user_id
    END) as month_0,
    COUNT(DISTINCT CASE
        WHEN a.activity_month = c.cohort_month + INTERVAL '1 month' THEN a.user_id
    END) as month_1,
    COUNT(DISTINCT CASE
        WHEN a.activity_month = c.cohort_month + INTERVAL '3 months' THEN a.user_id
    END) as month_3
FROM cohorts c
LEFT JOIN activity a ON c.user_id = a.user_id
  c.cohort_month
  c.cohort_month;

Funnel Analysis

WITH funnel AS (
    SELECT
        user_id,
        MAX(CASE WHEN event = 'page_view' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as step_1_view,
        MAX(CASE WHEN event = 'signup_start' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as step_2_start,
        MAX(CASE WHEN event = 'signup_complete' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as step_3_complete,
        MAX(CASE WHEN event = 'first_purchase' THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) as step_4_purchase
    FROM events
    WHERE event_date >= CURRENT_DATE - INTERVAL '30 days'
    GROUP BY user_id
)

    ()  total_users,
    (step_1_view)  viewed,
    (step_2_start)  started_signup,
    (step_3_complete)  completed_signup,
    (step_4_purchase)  purchased,
    ROUND(  (step_2_start)  ((step_1_view), ), )  view_to_start_pct,
    ROUND(  (step_3_complete)  ((step_2_start), ), )  start_to_complete_pct,
    ROUND(  (step_4_purchase)  ((step_3_complete), ), )  complete_to_purchase_pct
 funnel;

Deduplication

-- Keep the most recent record per key
WITH ranked AS (
    SELECT
        *,
        ROW_NUMBER() OVER (
            PARTITION BY entity_id
            ORDER BY updated_at DESC
        ) as rn
    FROM source_table
)
SELECT * FROM ranked WHERE rn = 1;