adr-fundamentals

name	adr-fundamentals
description	This skill should be used when the user asks "what is an ADR", "when should I create an ADR", "ADR best practices", "architecture decision records", "ADR lifecycle", "how to document architecture decisions", or needs guidance on ADR fundamentals, when to create ADRs, or ADR lifecycle management.

ADR Fundamentals

Architectural Decision Records (ADRs) capture important architectural decisions along with their context and consequences. This skill provides foundational knowledge for creating, managing, and maintaining ADRs effectively.

When to Create an ADR

Create an ADR when making decisions that:

• Have significant impact - Affect system structure, behavior, or quality attributes
• Are hard to reverse - Would require substantial effort to change later
• Have multiple viable options - Alternatives were seriously considered
• Affect multiple components - Cross-cutting concerns or system-wide patterns
• Set precedent - Establish patterns others will follow
• Involve trade-offs - Balance competing concerns or constraints

Common ADR-Worthy Decisions

Category	Examples
Technology Selection	Programming language, framework, database, cloud provider
Architecture Patterns	Microservices vs monolith, event-driven, CQRS
API Design	REST vs GraphQL, versioning strategy, authentication
Data Management	Storage strategy, caching, replication, backup
Security	Authentication method, encryption, access control
Integration	Third-party services, messaging patterns, protocols
Infrastructure	Container orchestration, deployment strategy, scaling

When NOT to Create an ADR

Skip ADRs for:

• Routine implementation choices
• Decisions with obvious answers
• Temporary or experimental changes
• Minor configuration tweaks
• Decisions that can be easily reversed

ADR Lifecycle

Status Workflow

proposed → accepted → [deprecated] → superseded
              ↓
          rejected

Status	Meaning
proposed	Under consideration, open for discussion
accepted	Approved and active, guides current development
rejected	Considered but not adopted (document why)
deprecated	No longer recommended, pending replacement
superseded	Replaced by a newer ADR (link to successor)

Status Transitions

proposed → accepted: Decision reviewed and approved by stakeholders proposed → rejected: Decision not adopted after review accepted → deprecated: Circumstances changed, better alternatives exist accepted/deprecated → superseded: New ADR replaces this one

Writing Effective ADRs

Title Guidelines

Use clear, action-oriented titles:

• Good: "Use PostgreSQL for primary data storage"
• Good: "Adopt event-driven architecture for order processing"
• Bad: "Database decision"
• Bad: "Architecture stuff"

Context Best Practices

Provide sufficient background:

• Current state of the system
• Problem being solved
• Constraints and requirements
• Relevant stakeholders

Decision Drivers

List forces influencing the decision:

• Technical requirements (performance, scalability, reliability)
• Business requirements (cost, time-to-market, compliance)
• Team factors (expertise, capacity, preferences)
• Organizational constraints (existing systems, standards)

Documenting Options

For each option considered:

• Brief description
• Pros and cons
• Key trade-offs
• Why selected or rejected

Consequences

Document both positive and negative outcomes:

• Expected benefits
• Known trade-offs accepted
• Risks and mitigations
• Future implications

ADR Naming Convention

Standard pattern: {NUMBER}-{slug}.md

Examples:

• 0001-use-postgresql-for-primary-storage.md
• 0002-adopt-event-driven-architecture.md
• 0003-implement-oauth2-authentication.md

Number Format Options

Format	Example	Use Case
4-digit	0001, 0042	Default, supports 9999 ADRs
3-digit	001, 042	Smaller projects
Date-based	20250115	Chronological emphasis

ADR Directory Structure

Standard structure:

docs/adr/
├── README.md           # Index and guidelines
├── 0001-first-adr.md
├── 0002-second-adr.md
└── templates/          # Optional: custom templates

For large projects, consider module-level ADRs:

src/
├── module-a/
│   └── docs/adr/
├── module-b/
│   └── docs/adr/
└── docs/adr/           # Project-wide ADRs

ADR Linking

Link Types

Relationship	Meaning
supersedes	This ADR replaces ADR-XXX
superseded-by	ADR-XXX replaces this one
relates-to	Related decision, not a replacement
amends	Modifies without fully replacing

Linking Best Practices

• Always link both directions (supersedes/superseded-by)
• Include reason for supersession
• Keep superseded ADRs for historical context
• Use relates-to for decisions that inform each other

Common Mistakes

Avoid These Patterns

1. Missing context - Decisions without background are hard to understand later
2. Vague options - "Option A vs Option B" without specifics
3. Missing trade-offs - Every decision has downsides; document them
4. Orphaned ADRs - Not linking superseded decisions
5. Status neglect - Forgetting to update status as decisions evolve
6. Too much detail - ADRs are summaries, not full specifications

Integration with Development

Pull Request Workflow

1. Create ADR in proposed status
2. Open PR for team review
3. Discuss and refine
4. Update status to accepted when merged
5. Reference ADR in related implementation PRs

Documentation Links

Cross-reference ADRs from:

• Architecture documentation
• README files
• Code comments (for non-obvious patterns)
• Wiki or knowledge base

Configuration

Read project configuration from .claude/adr.local.md for:

• ADR directory location(s)
• Numbering format
• Status workflow
• Template preferences

Additional Resources

Reference Files

For detailed guidance on specific topics:

• references/decision-criteria.md - Comprehensive criteria for ADR-worthy decisions
• references/review-checklist.md - ADR quality review checklist

Related Skills

• adr-format-madr - MADR template format details (default format)
• adr-format-nygard - Classic Nygard format
• adr-decision-drivers - Identifying and documenting decision drivers
• adr-quality - Quality criteria and review process
• adr-compliance - Auditing code against ADRs
• adr-integration - CI/CD and tooling integration