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REST API设计模式，包括资源命名、状态码、分页、过滤、错误响应、版本控制和生产API的速率限制。
Instinct-based learning system that observes sessions via hooks, creates atomic instincts with confidence scoring, and evolves them into skills/commands/agents. v2.1 adds project-scoped instincts to prevent cross-project contamination.
Orchestrate building a brand-new feature end to end — research, plan, TDD implementation, review, and gated commit — by delegating each phase to the matching ECC agent. Use when adding a capability that does not exist yet.
Orchestrate bootstrapping a working MVP from a design or spec document — ingest the doc, plan thin vertical slices, scaffold the first end-to-end slice, then TDD-implement, review, and gated commit. Use to turn an SDD/PRD into a running starting point.
Orchestrate altering an existing, working feature to new desired behavior — update its tests to the new spec, change the implementation to match, review, and gated commit. Use when behavior is not broken but should be different.
Orchestrate fixing a bug — reproduce it as a failing regression test, fix to green, review, and gated commit — by delegating each phase to the matching ECC agent. Use when existing behavior is broken or wrong.
Shared orchestration engine for the orch-* skill family. Defines the gated Research-Plan-TDD-Review-Commit pipeline, the size classifier, the agent map, and the two human gates that the orch-* operation skills delegate to. Not usually invoked directly.
| name | api-design |
| description | REST API设计模式，包括资源命名、状态码、分页、过滤、错误响应、版本控制和生产API的速率限制。 |
| origin | ECC |
用于设计一致、对开发者友好的 REST API 的约定和最佳实践。
# 资源使用名词、复数、小写、短横线连接
GET /api/v1/users
GET /api/v1/users/:id
POST /api/v1/users
PUT /api/v1/users/:id
PATCH /api/v1/users/:id
DELETE /api/v1/users/:id
# 用于关系的子资源
GET /api/v1/users/:id/orders
POST /api/v1/users/:id/orders
# 非 CRUD 映射的操作（谨慎使用动词）
POST /api/v1/orders/:id/cancel
POST /api/v1/auth/login
POST /api/v1/auth/refresh
# 良好
/api/v1/team-members # 多单词资源使用 kebab-case
/api/v1/orders?status=active # 查询参数用于过滤
/api/v1/users/123/orders # 嵌套资源表示所有权关系
# 不良
/api/v1/getUsers # URL 中包含动词
/api/v1/user # 使用单数形式（应使用复数）
/api/v1/team_members # URL 中使用 snake_case
/api/v1/users/123/getOrders # 嵌套资源路径中包含动词
| 方法 | 幂等性 | 安全性 | 用途 |
|---|---|---|---|
| GET | 是 | 是 | 检索资源 |
| POST | 否 | 否 | 创建资源，触发操作 |
| PUT | 是 | 否 | 完全替换资源 |
| PATCH | 否* | 否 | 部分更新资源 |
| DELETE | 是 | 否 | 删除资源 |
*通过适当的实现，PATCH 可以实现幂等
# 成功
200 OK — GET、PUT、PATCH（包含响应体）
201 Created — POST（包含 Location 头部）
204 No Content — DELETE、PUT（无响应体）
# 客户端错误
400 Bad Request — 验证失败、JSON 格式错误
401 Unauthorized — 缺少或无效的身份验证
403 Forbidden — 已认证但未授权
404 Not Found — 资源不存在
409 Conflict — 重复条目、状态冲突
422 Unprocessable Entity — 语义无效（JSON 格式正确但数据错误）
429 Too Many Requests — 超出速率限制
# 服务器错误
500 Internal Server Error — 意外故障（切勿暴露细节）
502 Bad Gateway — 上游服务失败
503 Service Unavailable — 临时过载，需包含 Retry-After 头部
# 错误：对所有请求都返回 200
{ "status": 200, "success": false, "error": "Not found" }
# 正确：按语义使用 HTTP 状态码
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
{ "error": { "code": "not_found", "message": "User not found" } }
# 错误：验证错误返回 500
# 正确：返回 400 或 422 并包含字段级详情
# 错误：创建资源返回 200
# 正确：返回 201 并包含 Location 标头
HTTP/1.1 201 Created
Location: /api/v1/users/abc-123
{
"data": {
"id": "abc-123",
"email": "alice@example.com",
"name": "Alice",
"created_at": "2025-01-15T10:30:00Z"
}
}
{
"data": [
{ "id": "abc-123", "name": "Alice" },
{ "id": "def-456", "name": "Bob" }
],
"meta": {
"total": 142,
"page": 1,
"per_page": 20,
"total_pages": 8
},
"links": {
"self": "/api/v1/users?page=1&per_page=20",
"next": "/api/v1/users?page=2&per_page=20",
"last": "/api/v1/users?page=8&per_page=20"
}
}
{
"error": {
"code": "validation_error",
"message": "Request validation failed",
"details": [
{
"field": "email",
"message": "Must be a valid email address",
"code": "invalid_format"
},
{
"field": "age",
"message": "Must be between 0 and 150",
"code": "out_of_range"
}
]
}
}
// Option A: Envelope with data wrapper (recommended for public APIs)
interface ApiResponse<T> {
data: T;
meta?: PaginationMeta;
links?: PaginationLinks;
}
interface ApiError {
error: {
code: string;
message: string;
details?: FieldError[];
};
}
// Option B: Flat response (simpler, common for internal APIs)
// Success: just return the resource directly
// Error: return error object
// Distinguish by HTTP status code
GET /api/v1/users?page=2&per_page=20
# 实现
SELECT * FROM users
ORDER BY created_at DESC
LIMIT 20 OFFSET 20;
优点： 易于实现，支持“跳转到第 N 页” 缺点： 在大偏移量时速度慢（例如 OFFSET 100000），并发插入时结果不一致
GET /api/v1/users?cursor=eyJpZCI6MTIzfQ&limit=20
# 实现
SELECT * FROM users
WHERE id > :cursor_id
ORDER BY id ASC
LIMIT 21; -- 多取一条以判断是否有下一页
{
"data": [...],
"meta": {
"has_next": true,
"next_cursor": "eyJpZCI6MTQzfQ"
}
}
优点： 无论位置如何，性能一致；在并发插入时结果稳定 缺点： 无法跳转到任意页面；游标是不透明的
| 用例 | 分页类型 |
|---|---|
| 管理仪表板，小数据集 (<10K) | 偏移量 |
| 无限滚动，信息流，大数据集 | 游标 |
| 公共 API | 游标（默认）配合偏移量（可选） |
| 搜索结果 | 偏移量（用户期望有页码） |
# 简单相等
GET /api/v1/orders?status=active&customer_id=abc-123
# 比较运算符（使用括号表示法）
GET /api/v1/products?price[gte]=10&price[lte]=100
GET /api/v1/orders?created_at[after]=2025-01-01
# 多个值（逗号分隔）
GET /api/v1/products?category=electronics,clothing
# 嵌套字段（点表示法）
GET /api/v1/orders?customer.country=US
# 单字段排序（前缀 - 表示降序）
GET /api/v1/products?sort=-created_at
# 多字段排序（逗号分隔）
GET /api/v1/products?sort=-featured,price,-created_at
# 搜索查询参数
GET /api/v1/products?q=wireless+headphones
# 字段特定搜索
GET /api/v1/users?email=alice
# 仅返回指定字段（减少负载）
GET /api/v1/users?fields=id,name,email
GET /api/v1/orders?fields=id,total,status&include=customer.name
# Bearer token in Authorization header
GET /api/v1/users
Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIs...
# API key (for server-to-server)
GET /api/v1/data
X-API-Key: sk_live_abc123
// Resource-level: check ownership
app.get("/api/v1/orders/:id", async (req, res) => {
const order = await Order.findById(req.params.id);
if (!order) return res.status(404).json({ error: { code: "not_found" } });
if (order.userId !== req.user.id) return res.status(403).json({ error: { code: "forbidden" } });
return res.json({ data: order });
});
// Role-based: check permissions
app.delete("/api/v1/users/:id", requireRole("admin"), async (req, res) => {
await User.delete(req.params.id);
return res.status(204).send();
});
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-RateLimit-Limit: 100
X-RateLimit-Remaining: 95
X-RateLimit-Reset: 1640000000
# 超出限制时
HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Retry-After: 60
{
"error": {
"code": "rate_limit_exceeded",
"message": "Rate limit exceeded. Try again in 60 seconds."
}
}
| 层级 | 限制 | 时间窗口 | 用例 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 匿名用户 | 30/分钟 | 每个 IP | 公共端点 |
| 认证用户 | 100/分钟 | 每个用户 | 标准 API 访问 |
| 高级用户 | 1000/分钟 | 每个 API 密钥 | 付费 API 套餐 |
| 内部服务 | 10000/分钟 | 每个服务 | 服务间调用 |
/api/v1/users
/api/v2/users
优点： 明确，易于路由，可缓存 缺点： 版本间 URL 会变化
GET /api/users
Accept: application/vnd.myapp.v2+json
优点： URL 简洁 缺点： 测试更困难，容易忘记
1. 从 /api/v1/ 开始 —— 除非必要，否则不要急于版本化
2. 最多同时维护 2 个活跃版本（当前版本 + 前一个版本）
3. 弃用时间线：
- 宣布弃用（公共 API 需提前 6 个月通知）
- 添加 Sunset 响应头：Sunset: Sat, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT
- 在弃用日期后返回 410 Gone 状态
4. 非破坏性变更无需创建新版本：
- 向响应中添加新字段
- 添加新的可选查询参数
- 添加新的端点
5. 破坏性变更需要创建新版本：
- 移除或重命名字段
- 更改字段类型
- 更改 URL 结构
- 更改身份验证方法
import { z } from "zod";
import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
const createUserSchema = z.object({
email: z.string().email(),
name: z.string().min(1).max(100),
});
export async function POST(req: NextRequest) {
const body = await req.json();
const parsed = createUserSchema.safeParse(body);
if (!parsed.success) {
return NextResponse.json({
error: {
code: "validation_error",
message: "Request validation failed",
details: parsed.error.issues.map(i => ({
field: i.path.join("."),
message: i.message,
code: i.code,
})),
},
}, { status: 422 });
}
const user = await createUser(parsed.data);
return NextResponse.json(
{ data: user },
{
status: 201,
headers: { Location: `/api/v1/users/${user.id}` },
},
);
}
from rest_framework import serializers, viewsets, status
from rest_framework.response import Response
class CreateUserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
email = serializers.EmailField()
name = serializers.CharField(max_length=100)
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ["id", "email", "name", "created_at"]
class UserViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
serializer_class = UserSerializer
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]
def get_serializer_class(self):
if self.action == "create":
return CreateUserSerializer
return UserSerializer
def create(self, request):
serializer = CreateUserSerializer(data=request.data)
serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
user = UserService.create(**serializer.validated_data)
return Response(
{"data": UserSerializer(user).data},
status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED,
headers={"Location": f"/api/v1/users/{user.id}"},
)
func (h *UserHandler) CreateUser(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
var req CreateUserRequest
if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req); err != nil {
writeError(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "invalid_json", "Invalid request body")
return
}
if err := req.Validate(); err != nil {
writeError(w, http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, "validation_error", err.Error())
return
}
user, err := h.service.Create(r.Context(), req)
if err != nil {
switch {
case errors.Is(err, domain.ErrEmailTaken):
writeError(w, http.StatusConflict, "email_taken", "Email already registered")
default:
writeError(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "internal_error", "Internal error")
}
return
}
w.Header().Set("Location", fmt.Sprintf("/api/v1/users/%s", user.ID))
writeJSON(w, http.StatusCreated, map[string]any{"data": user})
}
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