git-archaeology

name	git-archaeology
description	Investigate how code reached its current state — when a line, function, import, or whole file was changed or deleted, who removed it, and what it looked like before. Use when `git blame` came up empty, when content has been refactored away, or when you need the full evolution of a function across commits.

Git history archaeology

git blame only sees what's still in the working tree. For anything that was deleted, moved, or refactored away, you need the commands below. Most agents under-use them and end up scrolling through git log -p instead.

Output discipline (read first)

git log -p on a long-lived file can dump tens of thousands of lines and blow the context window. Always:

1. Start narrow. Use --oneline or --stat to get a list of candidate commits.
2. Drill in. Use git show <sha> -- <path> for the diff of one specific commit.
3. Scope the search. Add --since="3 months ago", -n 20, or a path restriction (-- <path>) so output stays manageable.
4. Avoid git log -p without a path filter on any non-trivial repo.

Decision tree (by agent intent)

"When did this exact line, string, or import disappear?"

git log -S'<exact-string>' --oneline -- <file>

The pickaxe. Returns commits that changed the count of that string in the file. The most recent hit is typically the removal commit. Add -p only after you've narrowed to a few candidates.

Notes:

• -S is exact-string by default. Add --pickaxe-regex to make it a regex.
• The argument is "cuddled" with -S (-S'foo bar'), no space.
• -S will not detect pure in-file moves (count unchanged). Use -G for that.
• --pickaxe-all shows the entire changeset of matching commits, useful when a commit changes both a definition and its call sites in other files.

"When did the diff stop matching this regex?"

git log -G'<regex>' --oneline -- <file>

Like -S but matches any added or removed hunk line against the regex. Use -G when:

• You don't know the exact string but know a pattern.
• You want to catch in-file moves (-S won't).
• You want to find any diff that touched a pattern, even if the count was preserved (e.g., a refactor that changed call sites without removing the function).

"How did this function evolve over time?"

git log -L :<function-name>:<file>

Every commit that touched the function, with diffs scoped to just the function body. Works for languages git understands (most mainstream ones).

"How did lines N–M evolve?"

git log -L <N>,<M>:<file>

"What's the full history of this file, including across renames?"

git log --follow --oneline -- <file>      # overview
git log --follow -p -- <file>             # with diffs (use sparingly)

--follow only works for a single file, not directories.

"Where was a now-deleted line last present?"

Two-step pattern when you have an exact deleted string:

# 1. find a historical commit that contained the string
git log -S'<deleted-string>' --oneline --all -- <file>

# 2. reverse-blame from that commit to find the last commit it survived in
git blame --reverse <old-sha>..HEAD -- <file>

The reverse blame tells you, for each line, the last commit it survived in before being modified or deleted. Pinpoints the exact deletion commit.

"This file no longer exists — when was it deleted, and what was in it?"

# find all commits that touched the path, even on other branches
git log --all --full-history --oneline -- <deleted-path>

# the most recent of those is usually the deletion. confirm:
git show <sha> --stat

# view the file's contents at any commit where it existed
git show <sha>^:<deleted-path>

If you don't know the path, find it from filename alone:

# list all delete events with paths
git log --all --diff-filter=D --summary | grep -i '<filename>'

# or glob across all branches
git log --all --oneline -- '**/<filename>.*'

"Who deleted it, in one shot?"

git rev-list -n 1 HEAD -- <deleted-path>     # the deletion commit
git show $(git rev-list -n 1 HEAD -- <deleted-path>) -- <deleted-path>

"Restore a deleted file (locally, no commit)"

git restore --source=<deletion-sha>^ -- <deleted-path>
# or, on older git:
git checkout <deletion-sha>^ -- <deleted-path>

The ^ is critical — at the deletion commit the file is already gone, so we read from its parent.

"Search commit messages, not content"

git log --all --grep='<text>' --oneline
git log --all --grep='<text>' -i --oneline    # case-insensitive

Orthogonal to -S/-G, which only see the diff.

Standard workflow for "why does this code look like this"

1. git log --follow --oneline -- <file> — overview of commits touching it.
2. If a recent commit looks suspicious: git show <sha> -- <file>.
3. If you expected to find something and it's missing: git log -S'<expected-string>' --oneline -- <file>.
4. For a specific function's full lifecycle: git log -L :<fn>:<file>.
5. For the deletion point of a known string: pickaxe to find an old commit that contained it, then git blame --reverse <old-sha>..HEAD -- <file>.

Useful flags reference

Flag	Effect
--all	Search all refs, not just the current branch. Use when investigating something that may have lived only on a feature branch.
--full-history	Keeps commits that history-simplification would otherwise drop. Needed for accurate history across merges.
--follow	Track a single file across renames. Single-file only.
-M / -C	Detect renames (-M) and copies (-C) when reading diffs.
--diff-filter=D	Restrict to commits that deleted something. A=added, M=modified, R=renamed.
--source	When combined with --all, annotate each commit with the ref it was reached from.
--pickaxe-all	With -S/-G, show all files in the matching commit, not just the matching file.
--pickaxe-regex	Treat the -S argument as a regex.
--since / --until	Time-bound the search. Cheap perf win on big repos.
-n <count>	Cap result count.
--stat	Per-commit file stats instead of full patches. Good first pass.

Notes and pitfalls

• Always include -- before paths to disambiguate from refs (e.g. git log -S'foo' -- src/auth.ts).
• -S triggers on count change. A pure refactor that moves a line within the same file will not match. Use -G for those.
• -G runs diff twice and greps; it's slower than -S. Scope with paths and --since on big repos.
• Without --all, git log -- <path> shows nothing if the path never existed on the current branch. When in doubt, add --all.
• git log --full-history -- <path> alone has had bugs in some git versions for deleted files; pair with --all for reliability.
• For files that were renamed, git log -- <new-path> only shows post-rename history. Use --follow (one file) or git log --all -- <old-path> when hunting across rename events.