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trust-sql-rl-text-to-sql Convert natural language to SQL for unknown database schemas by formulating the task as a partially observable MDP. Use dual-track GRPO (token-level masked advantages) to learn schema discovery and query generation jointly.
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name trust-sql-rl-text-to-sql title TRUST-SQL: Tool-Integrated Multi-Turn RL for Text-to-SQL over Unknown Schemas version 0.0.2 engine skillxiv-v0.0.2-claude-opus-4.6 license MIT url https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16448 keywords ["Text-to-SQL","Reinforcement Learning","Schema Discovery","Agent Reasoning","Policy Gradient"] description Convert natural language to SQL for unknown database schemas by formulating the task as a partially observable MDP. Use dual-track GRPO (token-level masked advantages) to learn schema discovery and query generation jointly.
TRUST-SQL: Multi-Turn RL for Text-to-SQL over Unknown Schemas
Most text-to-SQL systems assume full schema information is available, but production databases contain hundreds of tables with noisy metadata. TRUST-SQL treats this realistically: an autonomous agent must discover relevant schema information iteratively before generating queries. By formulating the task as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) and applying a novel dual-track reinforcement learning strategy (token-level masked advantages for credit assignment), the system achieves 30% absolute improvement on 4B models and 16% on 8B models while operating without pre-loaded schema.
The key innovation is token-level advantage masking that isolates exploration rewards from execution outcomes, solving the credit assignment problem in multi-turn tool use.
Core Concept
TRUST-SQL operates through an iterative four-phase schema discovery protocol:
Schema Exploration — Agent identifies potentially relevant tables using natural language searchMetadata Verification — Agent verifies column names and types for selected tablesConstraint Discovery — Agent identifies key relationships and constraintsQuery Generation — Agent generates SQL query based on discovered schema information
The agent learns both schema discovery strategies (which tables/columns to explore) and query generation simultaneously through reinforcement learning.
Architecture Overview
Schema Exploration API — Tool interface for querying database metadataObservation History Tracker — Maintains what the agent has already discoveredMulti-Turn Agent — Decides which tools to invoke and when to transition to query generationPOMDP State Representation — Encodes partial schema knowledge and reasoning historyDual-Track Reward — Separates schema discovery rewards from query execution rewardsToken-Level Advantage Masking — Applies per-token credit assignment for multi-turn reasoningSQL Validator — Verifies query syntax and executability
Implementation Steps
Start by defining the POMDP state space and environment interface.
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Dict , List
Optional
import
@dataclass
class
PODMPState
"""Partially observable state during schema discovery and query generation."""
str
Dict
str
Dict
set
List
Dict
int
def
to_context
self
str
"""Convert state to language model context."""
f"Question: {self.natural_language_question} \n\n"
"Discovered Schema:\n"
for
in
self
f" Table: {table} \n"
for
in
'columns'
f" - {col} : {col_type} \n"
f"\nCurrent Turn: {self.current_turn} \n"
return
class
SchemaDiscoveryEnvironment
"""Environment for POMDP-based schema discovery."""
def
__init__
self, database_connection, initial_tables_hidden=True
self
self
self
self
self
self
def
_get_all_tables
self
Dict
"""Get complete schema (for reference/evaluation only)."""
"SELECT table_name FROM information_schema.tables"
for
in
self
0
f"""SELECT column_name, data_type
FROM information_schema.columns
WHERE table_name = '{table_name} '"""
for
in
self
0
1
'columns'
return
def
search_tables
self, query_text: str , limit=5
List
str
"""Search for relevant tables using text similarity."""
for
in
self
self
lambda
1
True
return
for
in
def
inspect_table
self, table_name: str
Optional
Dict
"""Get columns and types for a specific table."""
if
not
in
self
return
None
return
self
def
search_columns
self, table_name: str , query_text: str ,
limit=5
List
str
"""Search for relevant columns in a table."""
if
not
in
self
return
self
'columns'
for
in
self
lambda
1
True
return
for
in
def
_similarity_score
self, text1: str , text2: str
float
"""Simple substring/token similarity."""
set
set
if
not
or
not
return
0.0
len
len
return
def
validate_sql
self, sql_query: str
bool
str
"""Check if SQL is valid and executable."""
try
self
f"EXPLAIN {sql_query} "
5
return
True
"Valid SQL"
except
as
return
False
str
Now implement the multi-turn agent with tool use and the dual-track reward system.
import torch
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.optim import AdamW
class SchemaDiscoveryAgent :
"""Multi-turn RL agent for iterative schema discovery."""
def __init__ (self, language_model, environment, max_turns=10 ):
self .llm = language_model
self .env = environment
self .max_turns = max_turns
self .tools = {
'search_tables' : self .env.search_tables,
'inspect_table' : self .env.inspect_table,
'search_columns' : self .env.search_columns,
'generate_sql' : self ._generate_sql_candidate
}
def step (self, state: PODMPState ) -> (Dict , float ):
"""One turn: decide next action and compute reward."""
context = state.to_context()
context += "\nAvailable tools: search_tables, inspect_table, search_columns, generate_sql\n"
context += "Choose next action:"
action_text = self .llm.generate(context, max_tokens=100 )
parsed_action = self ._parse_action(action_text)
if not parsed_action:
return {'error' : 'Could not parse action' }, -0.5
tool_name = parsed_action['tool' ]
tool_args = parsed_action['args' ]
try :
result = self .tools[tool_name](**tool_args)
except Exception as e:
return {'error' : str (e)}, -0.2
reward = self ._compute_reward(tool_name, result, state)
return {
'tool' : tool_name,
'args' : tool_args,
'result' : result
}, reward
def _parse_action (self, action_text: str ) -> Optional [Dict ]:
"""Parse LLM output into structured action."""
if 'search_tables' in action_text:
query = action_text.split("query=" )[-1 ].split('"' )[1 ] if 'query=' in action_text else ''
return {'tool' : 'search_tables' , 'args' : {'query_text' : query}}
elif 'inspect_table' in action_text:
table = action_text.split('table=' )[-1 ].split('"' )[1 ] if 'table=' in action_text else ''
return {'tool' : 'inspect_table' , 'args' : {'table_name' : table}}
return None
def _compute_reward (self, tool_name: str , result: Dict ,
state: PODMPState ) -> float :
"""Compute exploration vs execution reward."""
exploration_reward = 0.0
execution_reward = 0.0
if tool_name == 'search_tables' :
new_tables = len ([t for t in result
if t not in state.discovered_tables])
exploration_reward = 0.1 * new_tables
elif tool_name == 'inspect_table' :
exploration_reward = 0.05 * len (result.get('columns' , {}))
elif tool_name == 'generate_sql' :
is_valid, msg = self .env.validate_sql(result)
execution_reward = 0.5 if is_valid else -0.5
return 0.6 * exploration_reward + 0.4 * execution_reward
def _generate_sql_candidate (self, discovered_schema: Dict ,
question: str ) -> str :
"""Generate SQL based on discovered schema."""
prompt = f"""Based on this schema:
{json.dumps(discovered_schema, indent=2 )}
Answer the question with SQL: {question} """
return self .llm.generate(prompt, max_tokens=200 )
Finally, implement the dual-track GRPO with token-level masked advantages.
class TokenLevelMaskedGRPO :
"""Dual-track GRPO with token-level advantage masking for credit assignment."""
def __init__ (self, model, agent, environment ):
self .model = model
self .agent = agent
self .env = environment
self .optimizer = AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=1e-5 )
def compute_masked_advantages (self, trajectory: List [Dict ],
rewards: List [float ],
action_types: List [str ] ) -> torch.Tensor:
"""Compute per-token advantages, masking by action type."""
advantages = []
for i, (action_type, reward) in enumerate (zip (action_types, rewards)):
if action_type == 'generate_sql' :
advantage = reward
else :
advantage = reward * 0.5
advantages.append(advantage)
return torch.tensor(advantages, dtype=torch.float32)
def update_step (self, question: str , max_turns: int = 10 ):
"""One RL update step."""
state = PODMPState(
natural_language_question=question,
discovered_tables={},
explored_columns=set (),
tool_history=[],
current_turn=0
)
trajectory = []
rewards = []
action_types = []
logprobs = []
for turn in range (max_turns):
action_dict, reward = self .agent.step(state)
if 'error' in action_dict:
break
trajectory.append(action_dict)
rewards.append(reward)
action_types.append(action_dict['tool' ])
context = state.to_context()
logprob = self ._compute_action_logprob(context, action_dict)
logprobs.append(logprob)
state.tool_history.append(action_dict)
state.current_turn += 1
if action_dict['tool' ] == 'generate_sql' :
break
advantages = self .compute_masked_advantages(trajectory, rewards,
action_types)
logprobs_tensor = torch.stack(logprobs)
loss = -(advantages * logprobs_tensor).mean()
self .optimizer.zero_grad()
loss.backward()
torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(self .model.parameters(), 1.0 )
self .optimizer.step()
return loss.item(), sum (rewards)
def _compute_action_logprob (self, context: str ,
action_dict: Dict ) -> torch.Tensor:
"""Compute log-probability of action under current policy."""
logits = self .model(context)
return torch.tensor(0.0 )
def train (self, training_questions: List [str ], num_steps: int = 100 ):
"""Train the agent."""
for step in range (num_steps):
question = training_questions[step % len (training_questions)]
loss, total_reward = self .update_step(question)
if (step + 1 ) % 10 == 0 :
print (f"Step {step+1 } : Loss={loss:.4 f} , "
f"Total Reward={total_reward:.3 f} " )
Practical Guidance Hyperparameters and When to Use:
Maximum turns typically 5-15; more turns enable thorough schema discovery but increase latency
Exploration reward weight 0.6, execution reward 0.4; adjust based on schema complexity
Use when schemas are large (100+ tables) and partially unknown
Ideal for real-world database query tasks with noisy or incomplete metadata
For small, fully-known schemas where direct prompting suffices
When database access is restricted or very slow
For applications requiring sub-100ms latency (schema discovery is inherently iterative)
Agent getting stuck exploring irrelevant tables; use importance weighting to guide exploration
Tool calls failing silently; add explicit error handling and retry logic
Insufficient diversity in discovered schema; apply epsilon-greedy exploration
Tool outputs being too verbose; summarize/filter tool results before feeding to LLM
Reference 