site-improvements-division-32

# Site Improvements - Division 32 This skill provides comprehensive guidance for Division 32 exterior improvements on commercial and institutional construction projects. It covers paving operations, landscaping, irrigation, fencing, exterior lighting, retaining walls, playgrounds, and site amenities. ## Quick Reference Tables ### Asphalt Pavement Sections by Application | Application | Surface Course | Binder Course | Base Course | Aggregate Base | |-------------|----------------|---------------|-------------|----------------| | Parking (Light) | 1.5-2" | - | 2-3" | 4-6" | | Drives/Access | 1.5-2" | - | 2-3" | 6-8" | | Heavy Duty (Trucks) | 2" | 2-3" | 3-4" | 8-12" | ### Concrete Thickness by Application | Application | Thickness | Reinforcement | Concrete Strength | |-------------|-----------|---------------|-------------------| | Sidewalks | 4" | WWF or fiber (optional) | 3500-4000 psi | | Light Duty Paving | 4" | WWF 6x6-W1.4xW1.4 | 3500 psi | | Drives/Aprons | 5-6" | WWF 6x6-W2.9xW2.9 | 4000 psi | | Heavy Duty | 6-8" | #4 @ 18" o.c. EW | 4000 psi | | Dumpster Pads | 6" min | #4 bars or WWF | 4000 psi | ### ADA Accessible Parking Requirements | Total Spaces | Accessible Required | Van Accessible | |--------------|---------------------|----------------| | 1-25 | 1 | 1 of 6 accessible | | 26-50 | 2 | 1 of 6 accessible | | 51-75 | 3 | 1 of 6 accessible | | 76-100 | 4 | 1 of 6 accessible | | 101-150 | 5 | 1 of 6 accessible | | 151-200 | 6 | 1 of 6 accessible | ### Accessible Parking Space Dimensions | Type | Space Width | Access Aisle | Total Width | |------|-------------|--------------|-------------| | Standard | 8' | 5' | 13' | | Van Accessible | 11' | 5' | 16' | | Van (Alt Layout) | 8' | 8' | 16' | ### ADA Slope Requirements | Element | Maximum Running Slope | Maximum Cross Slope | |---------|----------------------|---------------------| | Accessible Route | 5% (1:20) | 2% (1:50) | | Curb Ramp | 8.33% (1:12) | 2% (1:50) | | Parking Spaces | 2% any direction | 2% any direction | | Flared Sides | 10% (1:10) | - | ### Pavement Marking Materials Comparison | Material | Life Expectancy | Relative Cost | Best Application | |----------|-----------------|---------------|------------------| | Traffic Paint | 1-2 years | Lowest | Low traffic, budget | | Thermoplastic | 3-5+ years | Medium-High | High traffic areas | | Epoxy | 3-5 years | Medium-High | Durability needed | | Preformed Tape | 5-7+ years | Highest | Critical markings | ### Standard Parking Space Dimensions | Angle | Space Width | Space Length | Aisle Width | |-------|-------------|--------------|-------------| | 90° | 9' | 18' | 24' (two-way) | | 60° | 9' | 18' | 18' (one-way) | | 45° | 9' | 18' | 13' (one-way) | ### Fence Post Foundation Depths | Post Height | Minimum Embedment | Footing Diameter | |-------------|-------------------|------------------| | 4' fence | 24" | 8-10" | | 6' fence | 30" | 10-12" | | 8' fence | 36" | 12" | | 10' fence | 42" | 12-14" | | Gate posts | +6" over line posts | +2" over line posts | ### Site Lighting Levels (IES Recommendations) | Area | Average Footcandles | Uniformity Ratio | |------|---------------------|------------------| | Parking (General) | 0.5-1.0 fc | 4:1 max | | Parking (High Activity) | 1.0-2.0 fc | 4:1 max | | Walkways | 0.5-1.0 fc | 4:1 max | | Building Entries | 5.0 fc | 3:1 max | | Loading Areas | 5.0-10.0 fc | 3:1 max | | ATMs/Kiosks | 10.0+ fc | 2:1 max | ### Pole Foundation Sizing (Typical) | Pole Height | Foundation Diameter | Foundation Depth | Anchor Bolt Circle | |-------------|--------------------|--------------------|-------------------| | 12-15' | 18" | 36" | 6-8" | | 20' | 24" | 42" | 8-10" | | 25-30' | 30" | 48" | 10-12" | | 35' | 36" | 54" | 12-14" | ### Retaining Wall Types and Height Limits | Wall Type | Max Non-Engineered Height | Reinforcement | |-----------|---------------------------|---------------| | Gravity SRW | 3-4' | None | | Reinforced SRW | 20'+ | Geogrid | | Timber Wall | 3-4' | Deadmen | | Boulder Wall | 3-4' | None | ### Playground Safety Surfacing Critical Heights | Surfacing Type | 6" Depth | 9" Depth | 12" Depth | |----------------|----------|----------|-----------| | Engineered Wood Fiber | 7' | 10' | 11' | | Poured-in-Place Rubber | Per manufacturer | Per manufacturer | Per manufacturer | | Rubber Tiles | Per thickness rating | Per thickness rating | Per thickness rating | ### Asphalt Temperature Requirements | Course Type | Minimum Air Temp | Minimum Surface Temp | |-------------|------------------|---------------------| | Surface Course | 50°F (rising) | 50°F | | Base Course | 40°F (rising) | 40°F | ### Irrigation System Components | Component | Purpose | Key Specifications | |-----------|---------|-------------------| | Backflow Preventer | Protect potable water | PVB, RPZ, or DCVA per code | | Controller | Zone scheduling | Number of stations, smart features | | Control Valves | Zone activation | Electric or hydraulic | | Spray Heads | Small area coverage | 4'-15' radius | | Rotors | Large area coverage | 15'-50'+ radius | | Drip | Beds and trees | Low flow, point source | ## Detailed Reference Guides ### Paving Operations - [Asphalt Paving](references/asphalt-paving.md) - HMA types, placement, compaction, joints, testing - [Concrete Paving](references/concrete-paving.md) - Sidewalks, drives, pads, finishing, reinforcement - [Curbs and Gutters](references/curbs-gutters.md) - Curb types, forming, slip-form, repairs ### Markings and Signage - [Pavement Markings](references/pavement-markings.md) - Materials, striping, traffic markings, application - [Site Signage](references/site-signage.md) - Parking signs, accessible signs, installation ### Accessibility - [ADA Site Requirements](references/ada-site-requirements.md) - Routes, parking, curb ramps, detectable warnings ### Landscaping and Irrigation - [Landscaping](references/landscaping.md) - Grading, seeding, sodding, trees, shrubs, warranty - [Irrigation Systems](references/irrigation-systems.md) - Types, components, installation, winterization ### Site Amenities - [Site Furnishings](references/site-furnishings.md) - Benches, bike racks, bollards, planters - [Fencing and Gates](references/fencing-gates.md) - Chain link, ornamental, wood, gate operators - [Exterior Lighting](references/exterior-lighting.md) - Poles, parking lot, pedestrian, controls ### Specialty Site Work - [Retaining Walls](references/retaining-walls.md) - SRW, timber, boulder, geogrid, drainage - [Playgrounds and Athletics](references/playgrounds-athletics.md) - Equipment, safety surfacing, courts - [Stormwater Drainage](references/stormwater-drainage.md) - Surface drainage, permeable paving, bioretention ### Compliance and Coordination - [Code Compliance](references/code-compliance.md) - ADA, fire access, zoning, permits - [Testing and Inspection](references/testing-inspection.md) - Asphalt, concrete, landscape, lighting - [Coordination and Sequencing](references/coordination-sequencing.md) - Design, sequence, protection - [Seasonal Constraints](references/seasonal-constraints.md) - Temperature limits, planting seasons - [Safety Hazards](references/safety-hazards.md) - Paving, landscaping, excavation safety - [Specifications CSI](references/specifications-csi.md) - Division 32 sections, related divisions ## Critical Coordination Points ### With Early-Phase-Enabling-Trades - Earthwork and rough grading - Underground utilities (storm, sanitary, water, gas, electric) - Subgrade preparation and proof rolling - Erosion control during construction - Storm drainage infrastructure ### With Electrical Systems - Site lighting power and circuiting - Conduit routing for poles - Panel capacity for site loads - Photocell and control wiring ### With Other Trades - Fire-protection-systems: Fire lane requirements - Mechanical-plumbing-systems: Exterior drinking fountains - Low-voltage-technology: Gate access control, security - Specialties-division-10: Flagpoles, exterior signage - Quality-control-closeout: Final inspection and documentation ## Site Work Sequencing Overview ### Phase 1 - Early/Rough - Earthwork and mass grading - Underground utilities - Storm drainage installation - Subgrade preparation ### Phase 2 - Base Work - Aggregate base installation - Curbs and gutters - Concrete paving (non-traffic areas) - Retaining walls - Fence post foundations - Light pole foundations ### Phase 3 - Surface Work - Asphalt paving (base course during construction) - Concrete drives and aprons - Asphalt surface course (after heavy traffic) ### Phase 4 - Finishes - Fine grading for landscaping - Irrigation installation - Landscaping and planting - Fencing installation - Site lighting - Site furnishings ### Phase 5 - Final - Pavement markings (30-day asphalt cure) - Signage installation