Typography feels cohesive and intentional when font sizes follow a modular scale — a ratio-based sequence where every size is mathematically related to the others. Use when defining type scales, setting up design tokens, reviewing font size choices, or when typography feels inconsistent or arbitrary.
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Typography feels cohesive and intentional when font sizes follow a modular scale — a ratio-based sequence where every size is mathematically related to the others. Use when defining type scales, setting up design tokens, reviewing font size choices, or when typography feels inconsistent or arbitrary.
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Modular Scale Typography
Typography feels cohesive when all font sizes are related to each other through a single mathematical ratio. Without a scale, sizes get picked arbitrarily and the result feels visually noisy — headings that don't contrast enough, body text too close in size to captions, labels that blend into content.
What Is a Modular Scale
A modular scale starts from a base size and multiplies or divides by a ratio to generate every size in the system.
size(n) = base × ratio^n
Every size is thus a deliberate step away from the base — not a guess.
Choosing a Ratio
Ratio
Name
Feel
Good for
1.067
Minor Second
Very tight
Dense data UIs, dashboards
1.125
Major Second
Subtle
Long-form reading, editorial
1.200
Minor Third
Balanced
Most UI applications
1.250
Major Third
Clear hierarchy
Marketing, landing pages
1.333
Perfect Fourth
Strong contrast
Display, hero sections
1.414
Augmented Fourth
Dramatic
Portfolios, branding
1.500
Perfect Fifth
Very dramatic
Use sparingly
Default recommendation:1.25 (Major Third) — enough contrast between steps to feel intentional without being theatrical.
Generating a Scale
Recover an existing scale, don't reverse-engineer it by hand (dembrandt engine, optional). If a brand already has type on the web, get_typography returns the real font sizes, weights, and line-heights computed off the live DOM — infer the underlying ratio from those, then regularise it with the method below, instead of guessing which sizes were intended. See extract-design.
Starting from base = 16px, ratio 1.25:
Step
Formula
Value
Rounded
Role
-2
16 ÷ 1.25²
10.24px
10px
Caption, label-xs
-1
16 ÷ 1.25
12.80px
13px
Label, small
0
16
16px
16px
Body (base)
+1
16 × 1.25
20px
20px
Body-lg, lead
+2
16 × 1.25²
25px
25px
H4
+3
16 × 1.25³
31.25px
31px
H3
+4
16 × 1.25⁴
39.06px
39px
H2
+5
16 × 1.25⁵
48.83px
49px
H1
+6
16 × 1.25⁶
61.04px
61px
Display
Round to whole pixels or rem — the ratio provides the intent, exact pixel rounding is fine.
Without a scale, designers and developers pick sizes by eye or habit (14px, 16px, 18px, 24px, 32px, 48px). These feel subtly wrong because the intervals are uneven — the jump from 14→16 is small, 32→48 is large, and there is no underlying logic tying them together. The eye senses the inconsistency even when the viewer cannot name it.
With a modular scale, every size step carries the same visual weight of change. Hierarchy reads clearly because each level is a proportional step away from the next, not an arbitrary gap.
Minimum Font Size
Body text base: 16px minimum. This is the browser default for good reason — it is the threshold below which reading comfort drops significantly, especially on screens.
16px — standard body text, the default base
14px — acceptable for secondary UI text (labels, captions, metadata) used sparingly
Below 14px — do not use. Even at high DPI, sub-14px text fails WCAG contrast requirements for normal text and creates accessibility issues.
In the modular scale, this means the base (step 0) should be 16px, and negative steps (step -1, step -2) should be used only for genuinely secondary content — never for body copy or primary labels.
The 1% heuristic. Sub-16px text is the rare exception (target: under ~1% of a page, never below 14px). Nobody counts characters, so apply it as a role test:
May go below 16px — a fixed whitelist of glanced-at roles: timestamps, captions, table metadata, helper text, fine print, badge labels.
Never — body copy, primary labels, list item titles, anything actually read to do the task.
Check: scan one screen, count distinct sub-16px roles. Two or three from the whitelist is healthy; five or more — or any reading content — means you've over-shrunk. That's layout density, not a type problem: cut what's shown rather than shrink the type to fit.
Type Rendering Details
Size and ratio set the structure; these details determine whether the type actually reads well on screen.
Letter Spacing
Body and default text: keep tracking at 0. Adding it to running text slows reading and makes the type feel loose.
Uppercase and small labels: the one place tracking helps, since capitals are visually tight. Cap it at 0.04em, and reach for that only when the label genuinely needs air.
Pattern: zero on lowercase body, at most a hair (≤ 0.04em) on uppercase labels — never a blanket value. Over-tracking reads as dated, not premium.
Weight on Dark Backgrounds
Light text on dark appears optically thinner — a halation effect where bright type bleeds into the dark field. Step up one weight to compensate: where regular (400) works on light, use medium or semibold for the equivalent text on dark. This keeps perceived weight consistent across modes instead of dark-mode text looking frail.
Monospace
Monospace is for technical content where character alignment matters — code, IDs, numeric tables, diffs. Don't use it as a default UI typeface, and avoid monospace + uppercase (even widths plus tall capitals are hard to scan).
Type Scale by Page Context
Landing pages and marketing surfaces benefit from large, expressive type — steps +4 to +6 for headlines create drama and brand presence.
Feature pages and application UI should use a more controlled range — steps +2 to +3 for headings, with body text at step 0. Oversized headings inside a functional UI distract from the content and make the layout feel unbalanced.
Match the ratio and scale usage to the purpose of the surface, not just the brand.
Heading Hierarchy and Page Complexity
A successful heading scale uses more than just font size to distinguish levels. It also respects the cognitive limits of the page.
Tools for Differentiation
If headings only differ by small increments of size, they become hard to distinguish at a glance. Use these tools to create a more meaningful scale:
Capitalization: Use uppercase (text-transform: uppercase) for small, lower-level headings (H4–H5) to give them visual weight without needing large sizes.
Letter Spacing: When using uppercase or bold headings, add at most a hair of letter-spacing (≤ 0.04em) — and only when the heading genuinely needs the air. Keep it subtle; over-tracking reads as dated, not premium.
Color: Use your brand primary colour or a slightly muted grey for secondary headings to differentiate them from the main black/dark-grey text.
Style: Use italics or subtle underlines for supplementary or metadata-style headings.
The Rule of Three (H1–H3)
Most well-designed pages require only three levels of heading hierarchy (H1, H2, H3).
Simplicity: H1–H3 is enough to cover the page title, section titles, and sub-sections.
H4–H6 is a complexity smell, not a typography problem. If you find yourself reaching for H4, H5, or H6, the page is trying to do too much. Adding smaller heading levels only hides the symptom. Read it as a signal and make a structural decision instead:
Split — the page is really two features, or an in-page sub-page. Break it across pages or a modular structure (sidebar, tabs, master-detail).
Remove — the deep section may not earn its place at all.
Simplify — flatten the sub-hierarchy so it fits within H1–H3.
Hide behind an opening/closing element — push secondary content into a modal, accordion, or panel (see information-architecture).
A page that needs 6 levels of headings is a page that most users will stop reading.
Reading Comfort and Editorial Patterns
Typography is not just about size — it is about the rhythm and structure of the content.
Line Length (Measure)
For optimal reading comfort, keep body text between 45–75 characters per line (approx. 500–700px).
Lines that are too long make it hard for the eye to find the start of the next line.
Lines that are too short break the reading rhythm and create distracting "rags."
Measure, Leading and Size Move Together
Line length, line-height (leading) and font size are not three independent knobs — they are one system. This is a foundational typographic principle (Bringhurst's The Elements of Typographic Style) repeatedly validated on digital platforms, and it underpins the line-height ramps in the Material and Apple HIG type scales.
The longer the measure, the more leading the eye needs to track from the end of one line back to the start of the next. A tight line-height that reads fine on a narrow column becomes tiring on a wide one.
Measure
Recommended body line-height
Narrow (~45ch)
1.4
Comfortable (55–66ch)
1.5
Wide (~75ch)
1.6–1.7
Practical rules:
Body text: line-height 1.4–1.7, never below 1.4 for multi-line copy. WCAG SC 1.4.12 also requires text to stay readable when users override line-height to at least 1.5, so design with that headroom.
Headings: large type needs less leading — tighten to 1.1–1.25 as size grows, or the lines drift apart and stop reading as one unit. Leading and size are inversely related.
Fix the cause, not the symptom: if a line of body text feels hard to read, widen the leading or narrow the measure — don't just shrink the font. The three move together.
Line Clamping
In grids, cards, or lists with unpredictable content lengths, clamp text to keep a consistent visual rhythm and equal-height cards. Limit descriptions to 2–3 lines so all cards in a row stay the same height.
Multi-line clamp. Pair the standard line-clamp with the -webkit- fallback — the legacy -webkit-box form is still required for full browser support, so keep both.
Inside flex or grid. Truncation silently fails when the item can't shrink below its content width. Add min-width: 0 (or min-inline-size: 0) to the clamped child so it is allowed to narrow.
Accessibility — never lose the content. Clamping hides text visually only; the full string stays in the DOM and is read in full by screen readers, but a sighted user can no longer see it. Always give them a path to the rest:
Provide a title attribute (or accessible tooltip) carrying the full text, or
Link to a detail view / "Read more" where the complete content lives.
Never clamp text that the user must read to act (prices, errors, legal copy, primary instructions) — clamp only supporting descriptions where truncation is safe.
Editorial Hierarchy
Use specific typographic roles to provide context and guide the user through the story:
Role
Visual Treatment
Purpose
Pre-title (Eyebrow)
Small (12–13px), often all-caps, subtle letter-spacing (≤ 0.04em), muted colour
Provides context or category without distracting from the main heading
Heading
Large, bold, modular scale step +3 to +5
The primary hook or subject
Ingress (Lead text)
Larger than body (step +1), slightly bolder or higher line-height
Summarises the core value; bridging the heading and the body copy
Body
Base size (16px), regular weight, comfortable line-height (1.5)
The primary reading experience
Wording and Voice
Use active voice. "Get started" instead of "Getting started is easy."
Be punchy. Use clear, descriptive labels that promise a result.
Consistency. Use the same terms for the same actions throughout the product.
Responsive Type Scale
The scale compresses on smaller viewports by tightening the ratio, not by manually overriding individual sizes. The floor (body, labels) stays stable — readability has a hard minimum. The ceiling (H1, display) shrinks significantly. Every heading level scales proportionally because the ratio changes; hierarchy stays internally coherent.
Rule: use a wider ratio on desktop (more drama), a tighter ratio on mobile (more restraint). The base stays the same. The top end gives way.
Desktop → wider ratio (e.g. 1.25–1.333): large contrast between H1 and body
Tablet → moderate ratio (e.g. 1.200): scale pulls in
Mobile → tight ratio (e.g. 1.125): H1 is notably smaller, body is unchanged
Never shrink the scale from the bottom. Body text at 16px is already a floor — compression always comes from the top.
Fluid Type with clamp()
Instead of stepping sizes at fixed breakpoints, let the top end scale smoothly between a floor and a ceiling using CSS clamp(MIN, PREFERRED, MAX). The viewport-relative middle term does the scaling; the floor and ceiling stop it from ever getting too small or too large.
The MIN is the mobile size, the MAX is the desktop size — the same floor/ceiling thinking as the stepped scale, just interpolated.
Apply clamp() to the top of the scale (headings, display). Keep body and labels at a fixed size — readability has a hard minimum, so the floor must not move.
Include a rem term in the preferred value (e.g. 1.5rem + 3vw, not 3vw alone) so the text still responds to user zoom and root font-size — a pure vw value breaks zoom accessibility.
Review Checklist
Are all font sizes derived from a single base + ratio?
Is the base size 16px or larger?
Is 14px used only for secondary/metadata text, never for body copy?
Is nothing below 14px used anywhere in the UI?
Counting distinct sub-16px text roles on a screen, are there only a few (≤3) and all from the secondary whitelist — never reading content?
Is body letter-spacing 0, with uppercase-label tracking capped at 0.04em and used only when air is needed?
Does light-on-dark text use a slightly heavier cut to compensate for halation?
Is monospace scoped to technical content, never used as a default or with uppercase?
Is there at least 3–4 distinct steps between body text and the largest heading?
Are adjacent steps (e.g. body vs. label) different enough to be distinguishable at a glance?
Are font size tokens named by role (--text-body, --text-h1) or step (--text-base, --text-2xl), not by raw pixel value?
Does the chosen ratio suit the UI density? (tight ratio for data-heavy UIs, wider ratio for marketing)
Is body text line length between 45–75 characters?
Does body line-height scale with the measure (≈1.4 narrow → ≈1.6+ wide), staying ≥1.4 and leaving 1.5 override headroom for WCAG 1.4.12?
Is heading leading tightened (≈1.1–1.25) as size grows, so large type still reads as one unit?
Is line-clamping used to keep grid/card layouts consistent?
Does clamped text keep a path to the full content (title/tooltip or detail view), and is must-read content never clamped?
If fluid type (clamp()) is used, is it applied only to the top of the scale, with a rem-based preferred term so zoom still works?
Are editorial roles like pre-titles and lead text used to improve scannability?
Are headings differentiated by more than just size (e.g., color, case, spacing)?
Is the heading hierarchy limited to H1–H3 per view where possible?
Common Anti-Patterns
Anti-pattern
Problem
Fix
Sizes like 14, 15, 16, 17px used side by side
Steps too small to read as distinct levels
Use at minimum a 1.125 ratio so each step is perceptible
Arbitrary sizes with no relationship (13, 18, 27, 36px)
No underlying logic — hierarchy feels accidental
Regenerate from a single base and ratio
Pixel values hard-coded in components instead of tokens
Scale changes require hunting through every file
Define once as CSS custom properties or design tokens
Same scale used for display headings and dense data tables
One ratio rarely serves both extremes well
Use a tighter ratio (1.125) for data, wider (1.25–1.333) for marketing contexts
Letter-spacing added to running body text
Loosens the type and slows reading
Keep body tracking at 0; add at most 0.04em to uppercase labels when air is needed
Regular-weight white text on a dark background
Halation makes it look thin and frail
Step up one weight (medium/semibold) for light-on-dark text
Monospace as a default UI font, or monospace + uppercase
