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Descargar Zip Descargando... Más de este repositorio 可审计的 agent 团队：BMAD 全自动研发流水线编排器。编排 9 个专业 Agent（PM、架构师、UI Designer、Tech Lead、Scrum Master、Frontend、Backend、QA、DevOps）从需求到部署，每一步都有事件溯源 + 不可绕过门禁 + 确定性 eval——可验证测试真跑、门禁真过。支持单环节切片命令（/boss:plan /review /qa /ship）与无 CLI 纯 Markdown 降级。
Triggers: 'boss mode', '/boss', '全自动开发', '从需求到部署', '帮我做一个', 'build this', 'ship it', '全流程', '自动化开发', '一键开发', 'start a project', 'new feature'
Does NOT trigger:
- 单文件修改或简单 bug 修复（直接编辑即可）
- 纯代码阅读或解释（使用 read 工具）
- 已有 pipeline 正在运行时的重复启动
- 极小事（预计 <30 分钟人工可完成、不需要 PRD/架构/门禁记录）
Output: 完整项目代码 + PRD/架构/UI/测试/部署文档，写入 .boss/<feature>/ 目录
ui-designer-design-variants 设计变体模式，产出2-3个设计方案及 tradeoff 分析，供用户选择后确定最终方案
后端测试编写指南，包括单元测试、集成测试和E2E测试的编写方法和最佳实践
Ocupaciones relacionadas SOC
Basado en la clasificación ocupacional SOC
name qa/e2e-playwright description Playwright E2E 测试完整方法论，涵盖项目初始化、Page Object Model、认证复用、API Mock、视觉回归、多浏览器测试、CI 集成和调试技巧 version 1.0.0 agent qa type methodology user-invocable false agent-invocable true dependencies ["shared/tech-stack-detection"] triggers ["需要编写或执行 E2E 测试时","需要配置 Playwright 测试环境时","门禁要求 E2E 测试通过时","需要视觉回归测试时"]
Playwright E2E 测试方法论
适用场景
Web 项目需要编写端到端测试
门禁（Gate 1）要求 E2E 测试通过
需要覆盖关键用户流程的自动化验证
需要多浏览器/多视口兼容性验证
需要视觉回归测试
1. 项目初始化
1.1 安装
npm init playwright@latest
npm install -D @playwright/test
npx playwright install
1.2 配置文件（playwright.config.ts）
import { defineConfig, devices } from '@playwright/test' ;
export default defineConfig ({
testDir : './e2e' ,
outputDir : './e2e/test-results' ,
timeout : 30_000 ,
expect : { timeout : 5_000 },
fullyParallel : true ,
workers : process.env .CI ? 1 : undefined ,
retries : process.env .CI ? 1 : 0 ,
reporter : [
['html' , { outputFolder : './e2e/playwright-report' }],
['json' , { outputFile : './e2e/test-results/results.json' }],
...(process.env .CI
'github'
as
const
use
baseURL
env
BASE_URL
'http://localhost:3000'
screenshot
'only-on-failure'
trace
'on-first-retry'
video
'on-first-retry'
projects
name
'chromium'
use
'Desktop Chrome'
name
'firefox'
use
'Desktop Firefox'
name
'webkit'
use
'Desktop Safari'
name
'mobile-chrome'
use
'Pixel 5'
name
'mobile-safari'
use
'iPhone 13'
webServer
command
'npm run dev'
url
'http://localhost:3000'
reuseExistingServer
env
CI
timeout
120_000
配置项 作用 建议值 fullyParallel测试文件间并行执行 trueworkers并行 worker 数 CI 为 1，本地默认 retries失败重试次数 CI 为 1，本地为 0 trace失败时生成可视化时间线 on-first-retrywebServer自动启动开发服务器 必须配置
1.3 目录结构 e2e/
├── playwright.config.ts # 配置文件（或放在项目根目录）
├── fixtures/ # 自定义 fixtures
│ ├── base.ts # 扩展 base test
│ └── auth.ts # 认证 fixture
├── pages/ # Page Object Models
│ ├── login.page.ts
│ ├── dashboard.page.ts
│ └── components/ # 可复用组件 POM
│ ├── navbar.component.ts
│ └── modal.component.ts
├── specs/ # 测试用例
│ ├── auth/
│ │ ├── login.spec.ts
│ │ └── register.spec.ts
│ ├── dashboard/
│ │ └── dashboard.spec.ts
│ └── crud/
│ └── user-management.spec.ts
├── helpers/ # 测试工具
│ ├── seed.ts # 数据种子
│ └── cleanup.ts # 数据清理
├── test-results/ # 测试产物（gitignore）
└── playwright-report/ # HTML 报告（gitignore）
2. Page Object Model（POM）
2.1 核心原则
每个页面一个 POM 类 ：封装定位器和操作方法不暴露 Locator ：外部只调用语义化方法组件级复用 ：导航栏、弹窗等提取为独立组件 POM
2.2 基础 POM
import { type Page , type Locator } from '@playwright/test' ;
export class LoginPage {
private readonly emailInput : Locator ;
private readonly passwordInput : Locator ;
private readonly submitButton : Locator ;
private readonly errorMessage : Locator ;
constructor (private readonly page : Page this .emailInput = page.getByLabel ('邮箱' );
this .passwordInput = page.getByLabel ('密码' );
this .submitButton = page.getByRole ('button' , { name : '登录' });
this .errorMessage = page.getByRole ('alert' );
}
async goto (await this .page .goto ('/login' );
}
async login (email : string , password : string await this .emailInput .fill (email);
await this .passwordInput .fill (password);
await this .submitButton .click ();
}
async getErrorMessage (return this .errorMessage .textContent ();
}
}
2.3 组件 POM
import { type Page , type Locator } from '@playwright/test' ;
export class NavbarComponent {
private readonly userMenu : Locator ;
private readonly logoutButton : Locator ;
constructor (private readonly page : Page this .userMenu = page.getByTestId ('user-menu' );
this .logoutButton = page.getByRole ('menuitem' , { name : '退出登录' });
}
async logout (await this .userMenu .click ();
await this .logoutButton .click ();
}
async getUserDisplayName (return this .userMenu .textContent ();
}
}
2.4 定位器优先级 优先级 方法 示例 说明 1 getByRolegetByRole('button', { name: '提交' })无障碍语义，最稳定 2 getByLabelgetByLabel('邮箱')表单元素首选 3 getByPlaceholdergetByPlaceholder('请输入邮箱')备选 4 getByTextgetByText('欢迎回来')静态文本 5 getByTestIdgetByTestId('submit-btn')无语义标记时的兜底 6 CSS/XPath page.locator('.btn-primary')尽量避免
3. 认证状态复用
3.1 Global Setup 方式
import { chromium, type FullConfig } from '@playwright/test' ;
async function globalSetup (config : FullConfig const browser = await chromium.launch ();
const page = await browser.newPage ();
await page.goto ('http://localhost:3000/login' );
await page.getByLabel ('邮箱' ).fill ('admin@example.com' );
await page.getByLabel ('密码' ).fill ('password' );
await page.getByRole ('button' , { name : '登录' }).click ();
await page.waitForURL ('/dashboard' );
await page.context ().storageState ({ path : './e2e/.auth/admin.json' });
await browser.close ();
}
export default globalSetup;
export default defineConfig ({
globalSetup : './e2e/global-setup.ts' ,
projects : [
{ name : 'public' , testMatch : /public\.spec\.ts/ },
{
name : 'authenticated' ,
use : { storageState : './e2e/.auth/admin.json' },
testIgnore : /public\.spec\.ts/ ,
},
],
});
3.2 多角色认证
import { test as base } from '@playwright/test' ;
type AuthFixtures = {
adminPage : Page ;
userPage : Page ;
};
export const test = base.extend <AuthFixtures >({
adminPage : async ({ browser }, use) => {
const context = await browser.newContext ({
storageState : './e2e/.auth/admin.json' ,
});
const page = await context.newPage ();
await use (page);
await context.close ();
},
userPage : async ({ browser }, use) => {
const context = await browser.newContext ({
storageState : './e2e/.auth/user.json' ,
});
const page = await context.newPage ();
await use (page);
await context.close ();
},
});
4. API Mocking
4.1 使用 page.route 拦截请求 test ('显示用户列表（API Mock）' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.route ('/api/users' , async (route) => {
await route.fulfill ({
status : 200 ,
contentType : 'application/json' ,
body : JSON .stringify ([
{ id : 1 , name : '张三' , email : 'zhang@example.com' },
{ id : 2 , name : '李四' , email : 'li@example.com' },
]),
});
});
await page.goto ('/users' );
await expect (page.getByText ('张三' )).toBeVisible ();
await expect (page.getByText ('李四' )).toBeVisible ();
});
4.2 模拟错误响应 test ('API 失败时显示错误提示' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.route ('/api/users' , async (route) => {
await route.fulfill ({ status : 500 , body : 'Internal Server Error' });
});
await page.goto ('/users' );
await expect (page.getByText ('加载失败' )).toBeVisible ();
await expect (page.getByRole ('button' , { name : '重试' })).toBeVisible ();
});
4.3 Mock 与真实请求混合 test ('部分 API Mock' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.route ('**/api/payment/**' , async (route) => {
await route.fulfill ({
status : 200 ,
body : JSON .stringify ({ success : true , transactionId : 'mock-tx-001' }),
});
});
await page.goto ('/checkout' );
});
4.4 何时用 Mock vs 真实 API 场景 建议 核心用户路径 真实 API （关键路径证据规则）第三方服务（支付、邮件） Mock 错误/边界状态 Mock 加载状态、空数据 Mock 数据量大的列表/分页 Mock + 至少一条真实路径
⚠️ Boss 门禁规则 ：核心用户路径只由 Mock 证明的，必须标记为未验证 ，不能作为发布证据。
5. 关键用户流程测试（必须覆盖）
5.1 CRUD 完整流程
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test' ;
import { UserListPage } from '../../pages/user-list.page' ;
import { UserFormPage } from '../../pages/user-form.page' ;
test.describe ('用户管理 CRUD' , () => {
let userList : UserListPage ;
let userForm : UserFormPage ;
test.beforeEach (async ({ page }) => {
userList = new UserListPage (page);
userForm = new UserFormPage (page);
await userList.goto ();
});
test ('创建 → 编辑 → 删除完整流程' , async ({ page }) => {
await userList.clickAddUser ();
await userForm.fillName ('测试用户' );
await userForm.fillEmail ('test@example.com' );
await userForm.submit ();
await expect (page.getByText ('测试用户' )).toBeVisible ();
await userList.editUser ('测试用户' );
await userForm.fillName ('修改后的用户' );
await userForm.submit ();
await expect (page.getByText ('修改后的用户' )).toBeVisible ();
await expect (page.getByText ('测试用户' )).not .toBeVisible ();
await userList.deleteUser ('修改后的用户' );
await userList.confirmDelete ();
await expect (page.getByText ('修改后的用户' )).not .toBeVisible ();
});
test ('列表分页展示' , async ({ page }) => {
await expect (userList.getTable ()).toBeVisible ();
await userList.goToNextPage ();
await expect (page).toHaveURL (/page=2/ );
});
test ('空列表提示' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.route ('/api/users*' , (route ) =>
route.fulfill ({ status : 200 , body : JSON .stringify ({ data : [], total : 0 }) })
);
await page.reload ();
await expect (page.getByText ('暂无数据' )).toBeVisible ();
});
});
5.2 认证流程
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test' ;
import { LoginPage } from '../../pages/login.page' ;
test.describe ('登录' , () => {
let loginPage : LoginPage ;
test.beforeEach (async ({ page }) => {
loginPage = new LoginPage (page);
await loginPage.goto ();
});
test ('正确凭据成功登录' , async ({ page }) => {
await loginPage.login ('admin@example.com' , 'password' );
await expect (page).toHaveURL ('/dashboard' );
});
test ('错误凭据显示提示' , async ({ page }) => {
await loginPage.login ('admin@example.com' , 'wrong-password' );
await expect (page.getByRole ('alert' )).toContainText ('密码错误' );
await expect (page).toHaveURL ('/login' );
});
test ('未登录重定向到登录页' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto ('/dashboard' );
await expect (page).toHaveURL (/\/login/ );
});
});
5.3 表单验证 test.describe ('表单验证' , () => {
test ('必填字段为空时显示错误' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto ('/users/new' );
await page.getByRole ('button' , { name : '提交' }).click ();
await expect (page.getByText ('姓名不能为空' )).toBeVisible ();
await expect (page.getByText ('邮箱不能为空' )).toBeVisible ();
});
test ('邮箱格式错误时显示提示' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto ('/users/new' );
await page.getByLabel ('邮箱' ).fill ('invalid-email' );
await page.getByLabel ('邮箱' ).blur ();
await expect (page.getByText ('邮箱格式不正确' )).toBeVisible ();
});
});
6. 视觉回归测试
6.1 截图对比 test ('首页视觉回归' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto ('/' );
await page.waitForLoadState ('networkidle' );
await expect (page).toHaveScreenshot ('homepage.png' , {
maxDiffPixelRatio : 0.01 ,
});
});
test ('组件视觉回归' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto ('/components/button' );
const button = page.getByTestId ('primary-button' );
await expect (button).toHaveScreenshot ('primary-button.png' );
});
6.2 更新基线
npx playwright test --update-snapshots
npx playwright test homepage.spec.ts --update-snapshots
6.3 注意事项
截图基线需提交到 Git
不同 OS 渲染有差异，CI 中使用 Docker 保证一致性
对动态内容（时间、随机数据）需 Mock 后再截图
maxDiffPixelRatio 容忍微小渲染差异（抗锯齿等）
7. 多浏览器和移动端测试
7.1 配置多 project
projects : [
{ name : 'chromium' , use : { ...devices['Desktop Chrome' ] } },
{ name : 'firefox' , use : { ...devices['Desktop Firefox' ] } },
{ name : 'webkit' , use : { ...devices['Desktop Safari' ] } },
{ name : 'mobile-chrome' , use : { ...devices['Pixel 5' ] } },
{ name : 'mobile-safari' , use : { ...devices['iPhone 13' ] } },
{ name : 'tablet' , use : { ...devices['iPad Pro 11' ] } },
]
7.2 按 project 运行
npx playwright test --project=chromium
npx playwright test --project=mobile-chrome --project=mobile-safari
7.3 响应式断言 test ('移动端显示汉堡菜单' , async ({ page, isMobile }) => {
await page.goto ('/' );
if (isMobile) {
await expect (page.getByTestId ('hamburger-menu' )).toBeVisible ();
await expect (page.getByTestId ('desktop-nav' )).not .toBeVisible ();
} else {
await expect (page.getByTestId ('desktop-nav' )).toBeVisible ();
await expect (page.getByTestId ('hamburger-menu' )).not .toBeVisible ();
}
});
8. 测试数据管理
8.1 数据种子（Seed）
import { request } from '@playwright/test' ;
export async function seedTestData (baseURL : string const api = await request.newContext ({ baseURL });
await api.post ('/api/test/seed' , {
data : {
users : [
{ name : '测试管理员' , email : 'admin@test.com' , role : 'admin' },
{ name : '测试用户' , email : 'user@test.com' , role : 'user' },
],
},
});
await api.dispose ();
}
8.2 数据清理
import { request } from '@playwright/test' ;
export async function cleanupTestData (baseURL : string const api = await request.newContext ({ baseURL });
await api.post ('/api/test/cleanup' );
await api.dispose ();
}
8.3 在 Global Setup/Teardown 中使用
import { seedTestData } from './helpers/seed' ;
async function globalSetup (await seedTestData ('http://localhost:3000' );
}
export default globalSetup;
import { cleanupTestData } from './helpers/cleanup' ;
async function globalTeardown (await cleanupTestData ('http://localhost:3000' );
}
export default globalTeardown;
8.4 原则 原则 说明 测试隔离 每个测试独立运行，不依赖其他测试的数据 可重复 多次运行结果一致 快速清理 使用 API 清理而非 UI 操作 避免硬编码 ID 使用动态创建的数据，不依赖数据库自增 ID
9. CI/CD 集成
9.1 GitHub Actions
name: E2E Tests
on:
push:
branches: [main ]
pull_request:
branches: [main ]
jobs:
e2e:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- uses: actions/setup-node@v4
with:
node-version: 20
- name: Install dependencies
run: npm ci
- name: Install Playwright browsers
run: npx playwright install --with-deps
- name: Build application
run: npm run build
- name: Run E2E tests
run: npx playwright test
- name: Upload test results
if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: playwright-report
path: e2e/playwright-report/
retention-days: 30
- name: Upload trace files
if: failure()
uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
with:
name: playwright-traces
path: e2e/test-results/
retention-days: 7
9.2 Docker 一致性 # e2e/Dockerfile
FROM mcr.microsoft.com/playwright:v1.49.0-noble
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
CMD ["npx", "playwright", "test"]
9.3 CI 关键配置 配置 CI 值 原因 workers1 CI 资源有限，避免争抢 retries1 减少 flaky 误报 reportergithub + htmlGitHub PR 行内注释 + HTML 归档 traceon-first-retry只在重试时录制，节省空间
10. 调试技巧
10.1 UI 模式（开发首选）
10.2 Trace Viewer
npx playwright show-trace e2e/test-results/specs-auth-login-spec-ts/trace.zip
时间线上的每一步操作
DOM 快照
网络请求日志
控制台输出
10.3 Debug 模式
npx playwright test --debug
npx playwright test login.spec.ts --debug
10.4 代码中暂停 test ('调试用' , async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto ('/login' );
await page.pause ();
});
10.5 录制生成测试
npx playwright codegen http://localhost:3000
10.6 常见 Flaky 原因及修复 原因 症状 修复 动画未完成 元素找到但点击无效 等待动画完成或禁用动画 网络请求延迟 元素内容未更新 使用 waitForResponse 竞态条件 间歇性失败 使用 expect().toBeVisible() 自动等待 数据未就绪 列表为空 使用 waitForLoadState('networkidle') 时间依赖 日期/时间相关断言失败 Mock 时间或使用范围断言
11. 与 Boss 流水线门禁集成
11.1 Gate 1 E2E 检查项 Boss 流水线的 Gate 1 门禁要求 E2E 测试满足：
检查项 要求 说明 E2E 测试存在 e2e/ 或 tests/e2e/ 目录非空不能只有单元测试 关键路径覆盖 CRUD + 认证 + 核心业务流程 至少 5 个核心用户操作 全部通过 无失败用例 失败则门禁不通过 真实 API 证据 核心路径不能只有 Mock Mock-only 标记为未验证
11.2 执行命令
npx playwright test --reporter=json --output=e2e/test-results
npx playwright test --grep @critical
npx playwright test
11.3 测试标签 test ('@critical 登录流程' , async ({ page }) => { });
test ('@critical 核心业务流程' , async ({ page }) => { });
test ('@smoke 首页加载' , async ({ page }) => { });
test ('@regression 边界情况' , async ({ page }) => { });
npx playwright test --grep @critical
npx playwright test
12. 检查清单 Agent 编写 E2E 测试时，对照以下清单确认完整性：
输出要求
playwright.config.tse2e/pages/*.page.tse2e/specs/**/*.spec.ts认证 fixture ：storageState 或 global-setupCI 配置 ：GitHub Actions 或等价 CI 流程.gitignore 更新 