ai-ml-data-science

name	ai-ml-data-science
description	End-to-end data science patterns (modern best practices): problem framing -> data -> EDA -> feature engineering (with feature stores) -> modelling -> evaluation -> reporting, plus SQL transformation (SQLMesh). Emphasizes MLOps integration, drift monitoring, and production-ready workflows.

Data Science Engineering Suite – Quick Reference

This skill turns raw data and questions into validated, documented models ready for production:

• EDA workflows: Structured exploration with drift detection
• Feature engineering: Reproducible feature pipelines with leakage prevention and train/serve parity
• Model selection: Baselines first; strong tabular defaults; escalate complexity only when justified
• Evaluation & reporting: Slice analysis, uncertainty, model cards, production metrics
• SQL transformation: SQLMesh for staging/intermediate/marts layers
• MLOps: CI/CD, CT (continuous training), CM (continuous monitoring)
• Production patterns: Data contracts, lineage, feedback loops, streaming features

Modern emphasis (December 2025): Feature stores, automated retraining, drift monitoring, and train-serve parity. Tools: LightGBM 4.6, scikit-learn 1.7, PyTorch 2.9.1, Polars 1.x.

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Quick Reference

Task	Tool/Framework	Command	When to Use
EDA & Profiling	Pandas, Great Expectations	df.describe(), ge.validate()	Initial data exploration and quality checks
Feature Engineering	Pandas, Polars, Feature Stores	df.transform(), Feast materialization	Creating lag, rolling, categorical features
Model Training	Gradient boosting, linear models, scikit-learn	lgb.train(), model.fit()	Strong baselines for tabular ML
Hyperparameter Tuning	Optuna, Ray Tune	optuna.create_study(), tune.run()	Optimizing model parameters
SQL Transformation	SQLMesh	sqlmesh plan, sqlmesh run	Building staging/intermediate/marts layers
Experiment Tracking	MLflow, W&B	mlflow.log_metric(), wandb.log()	Versioning experiments and models
Model Evaluation	scikit-learn, custom metrics	metrics.roc_auc_score(), slice analysis	Validating model performance

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When to Use This Skill

Claude should invoke this skill when the user asks for hands-on DS/ML workflow help, e.g.:

• "Help me explore this dataset / find issues."
• "Design features for this problem."
• "Choose metrics and evaluate this model."
• "Write a model evaluation report or model card."
• "Structure an end-to-end DS project."
• "Set up SQL transformations with SQLMesh."
• "Build incremental feature pipelines in SQL."
• "Create staging/intermediate/marts layers."
• "Set up MLOps: CI/CD, continuous training, monitoring."

Data Lake & Lakehouse

For comprehensive data lake/lakehouse patterns (beyond SQLMesh transformation), see data-lake-platform:

• Table formats: Apache Iceberg, Delta Lake, Apache Hudi
• Query engines: ClickHouse, DuckDB, Apache Doris, StarRocks
• Alternative transformation: dbt (alternative to SQLMesh)
• Ingestion: dlt, Airbyte (connectors)
• Streaming: Apache Kafka patterns
• Orchestration: Dagster, Airflow

This skill focuses on ML feature engineering and modeling. Use data-lake-platform for general-purpose data infrastructure.

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Related Skills

For adjacent topics, reference:

• ai-mlops - APIs, batch jobs, monitoring, drift, data ingestion (dlt)
• ai-llm - LLM prompting, fine-tuning, evaluation
• ai-rag - RAG pipelines, chunking, retrieval
• ai-llm-inference - LLM inference optimization, quantization
• ai-ml-timeseries - Time series forecasting, backtesting
• qa-testing-strategy - Test-driven development, coverage
• data-sql-optimization - SQL optimization, index patterns (complements SQLMesh)
• data-lake-platform - Data lake/lakehouse infrastructure (ClickHouse, Iceberg, Kafka)

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Decision Tree: Choosing Data Science Approach

User needs ML for: [Problem Type]
    ├─ Tabular Data?
    │   ├─ Small-Medium (<1M rows)? → **LightGBM** (fast, efficient)
    │   ├─ Large & Complex (>1M rows)? → **LightGBM** first, then NN if needed
    │   └─ High-dim sparse (text, counts)? → Linear models, then shallow NN
    │
    ├─ Time Series?
    │   ├─ Seasonality? → LightGBM, then see ai-ml-timeseries skill
    │   └─ Long-term dependencies? → Transformers (ai-ml-timeseries)
    │
    ├─ Text or Mixed Modalities?
    │   └─ LLMs/Transformers → See ai-llm
    │
    └─ SQL Transformations?
        └─ SQLMesh (staging/intermediate/marts layers)

Rule of thumb: For tabular data, tree-based gradient boosting is a strong baseline, but must be validated against alternatives and constraints.

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Core Concepts (Vendor-Agnostic)

• Problem framing: define success metrics, baselines, and decision thresholds before modeling.
• Leakage prevention: ensure all features are available at prediction time; split by time/group when appropriate.
• Uncertainty: report confidence intervals and stability (fold variance, bootstrap) rather than single-point metrics.
• Reproducibility: version code/data/features, fix seeds, and record the environment.
• Operational handoff: define monitoring, retraining triggers, and rollback criteria with MLOps.

Implementation Practices (Tooling Examples)

• Track experiments and artifacts (run id, commit hash, data version).
• Add data validation gates in pipelines (schema + distribution + freshness).
• Prefer reproducible, testable feature code (shared transforms, point-in-time correctness).
• Use datasheets/model cards and eval reports as deployment prerequisites (Datasheets for Datasets: https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.09010; Model Cards: https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.03993).

Do / Avoid

Do

• Do start with baselines and a simple model to expose leakage and data issues early.
• Do run slice analysis and document failure modes before recommending deployment.
• Do keep an immutable eval set; refresh training data without contaminating evaluation.

Avoid

• Avoid random splits for temporal or user-correlated data.
• Avoid “metric gaming” (optimizing the number without validating business impact).
• Avoid training on labels created after the prediction timestamp (silent future leakage).

Core Patterns (Overview)

Pattern 1: End-to-End DS Project Lifecycle

Use when: Starting or restructuring any DS/ML project.

Stages:

1. Problem framing - Business objective, success metrics, baseline
2. Data & feasibility - Sources, coverage, granularity, label quality
3. EDA & data quality - Schema, missingness, outliers, leakage checks
4. Feature engineering - Per data type with feature store integration
5. Modelling - Baselines first, then LightGBM, then complexity as needed
6. Evaluation - Offline metrics, slice analysis, error analysis
7. Reporting - Model evaluation report + model card
8. MLOps - CI/CD, CT (continuous training), CM (continuous monitoring)

Detailed guide: EDA Best Practices

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Pattern 2: Feature Engineering

Use when: Designing features before modelling or during model improvement.

By data type:

• Numeric: Standardize, handle outliers, transform skew, scale
• Categorical: One-hot/ordinal (low cardinality), target/frequency/hashing (high cardinality)
  • Feature Store Integration: Store encoders, mappings, statistics centrally
• Text: Cleaning, TF-IDF, embeddings, simple stats
• Time: Calendar features, recency, rolling/lag features

Key Modern Practice: Use feature stores (Feast, Tecton, Databricks) for versioning, sharing, and train-serve parity.

Detailed guide: Feature Engineering Patterns

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Pattern 3: Data Contracts & Lineage

Use when: Building production ML systems with data quality requirements.

Components:

• Contracts: Schema + ranges/nullability + freshness SLAs
• Lineage: Track source → feature store → train → serve
• Feature store hygiene: Materialization cadence, backfill/replay, encoder versioning
• Schema evolution: Backward/forward-compatible migrations with shadow runs

Detailed guide: Data Contracts & Lineage

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Pattern 4: Model Selection & Training

Use when: Picking model families and starting experiments.

Decision guide (modern benchmarks):

• Tabular: Start with a strong baseline (linear/logistic, then gradient boosting) and iterate based on error analysis
• Baselines: Always implement simple baselines first (majority class, mean, naive forecast)
• Train/val/test splits: Time-based (forecasting), group-based (user/item leakage), or random (IID)
• Hyperparameter tuning: Start manual, then Bayesian optimization (Optuna, Ray Tune)
• Overfitting control: Regularization, early stopping, cross-validation

Detailed guide: Modelling Patterns

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Pattern 5: Evaluation & Reporting

Use when: Finalizing a model candidate or handing over to production.

Key components:

• Metric selection: Primary (ROC-AUC, PR-AUC, RMSE) + guardrails (calibration, fairness)
• Threshold selection: ROC/PR curves, cost-sensitive, F1 maximization
• Slice analysis: Performance by geography, user segments, product categories
• Error analysis: Collect high-error examples, cluster by error type, identify systematic failures
• Uncertainty: Confidence intervals (bootstrap where appropriate), variance across folds, and stability checks
• Evaluation report: 8-section report (objective, data, features, models, metrics, slices, risks, recommendation)
• Model card: Documentation for stakeholders (intended use, data, performance, ethics, operations)

Detailed guide: Evaluation Patterns

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Pattern 6: Reproducibility & MLOps

Use when: Ensuring experiments are reproducible and production-ready.

Modern MLOps (CI/CD/CT/CM):

• CI (Continuous Integration): Automated testing, data validation, code quality
• CD (Continuous Delivery): Environment-specific promotion (dev → staging → prod), canary deployment
• CT (Continuous Training): Drift-triggered and scheduled retraining
• CM (Continuous Monitoring): Real-time data drift, performance, system health

Versioning:

• Code (git commit), data (DVC, LakeFS), features (feature store), models (MLflow Registry)
• Seeds (reproducibility), hyperparameters (experiment tracker)

Detailed guide: Reproducibility Checklist

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Pattern 7: Feature Freshness & Streaming

Use when: Managing real-time features and streaming pipelines.

Components:

• Freshness contracts: Define freshness SLAs per feature, monitor lag, alert on breaches
• Batch + stream parity: Same feature logic across batch/stream, idempotent upserts
• Schema evolution: Version schemas, add forward/backward-compatible parsers, backfill with rollback
• Data quality gates: PII/format checks, range checks, distribution drift (KL, KS, PSI)

Detailed guide: Feature Freshness & Streaming

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Pattern 8: Production Feedback Loops

Use when: Capturing production signals and implementing continuous improvement.

Components:

• Signal capture: Log predictions + user edits/acceptance/abandonment (scrub PII)
• Labeling: Route failures/edge cases to human review, create balanced sets
• Dataset refresh: Periodic refresh (weekly/monthly) with lineage, protect eval set
• Online eval: Shadow/canary new models, track solve rate, calibration, cost, latency

Detailed guide: Production Feedback Loops

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Resources (Detailed Guides)

For comprehensive operational patterns and checklists, see:

• EDA Best Practices - Structured workflow for exploratory data analysis
• Feature Engineering Patterns - Operational patterns by data type
• Data Contracts & Lineage - Data quality, versioning, feature store ops
• Modelling Patterns - Model selection, hyperparameter tuning, train/test splits
• Evaluation Patterns - Metrics, slice analysis, evaluation reports, model cards
• Reproducibility Checklist - Experiment tracking, MLOps (CI/CD/CT/CM)
• Feature Freshness & Streaming - Real-time features, schema evolution
• Production Feedback Loops - Online learning, labeling, canary deployment

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Templates

Use these as copy-paste starting points:

Project & Workflow Templates

• Standard DS project template: templates/project/template-standard.md
• Quick DS experiment template: templates/project/template-quick.md

Feature Engineering & EDA

• Feature engineering template: templates/features/template-feature-engineering.md
• EDA checklist & notebook template: templates/eda/template-eda.md

Evaluation & Reporting

• Model evaluation report: templates/evaluation/template-evaluation-report.md
• Model card: templates/evaluation/template-model-card.md
• ML experiment review: templates/review/experiment-review-template.md

SQL Transformation (SQLMesh)

For SQL-based data transformation and feature engineering:

• SQLMesh project setup: templates/transformation/template-sqlmesh-project.md
• SQLMesh model types: templates/transformation/template-sqlmesh-model.md (FULL, INCREMENTAL, VIEW)
• Incremental models: templates/transformation/template-sqlmesh-incremental.md
• DAG and dependencies: templates/transformation/template-sqlmesh-dag.md
• Testing and data quality: templates/transformation/template-sqlmesh-testing.md

Use SQLMesh when:

• Building SQL-based feature pipelines
• Managing incremental data transformations
• Creating staging/intermediate/marts layers
• Testing SQL logic with unit tests and audits

For data ingestion (loading raw data), use:

• ai-mlops skill (dlt templates for REST APIs, databases, warehouses)

Navigation

Resources

• resources/reproducibility-checklist.md
• resources/evaluation-patterns.md
• resources/feature-engineering-patterns.md
• resources/modelling-patterns.md
• resources/feature-freshness-streaming.md
• resources/eda-best-practices.md
• resources/data-contracts-lineage.md
• resources/production-feedback-loops.md

Templates

• templates/project/template-standard.md
• templates/project/template-quick.md
• templates/features/template-feature-engineering.md
• templates/eda/template-eda.md
• templates/evaluation/template-evaluation-report.md
• templates/evaluation/template-model-card.md
• templates/review/experiment-review-template.md
• template-sqlmesh-project.md
• template-sqlmesh-model.md
• template-sqlmesh-incremental.md
• template-sqlmesh-dag.md
• template-sqlmesh-testing.md

Data

• data/sources.json — Curated external references

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External Resources

See data/sources.json for curated foundational and implementation references:

• Core ML/DL: scikit-learn, XGBoost, LightGBM, PyTorch, TensorFlow, JAX
• Data processing: pandas, NumPy, Polars, DuckDB, Spark, Dask
• SQL transformation: SQLMesh, dbt (staging/marts/incremental patterns)
• Feature stores: Feast, Tecton, Databricks Feature Store (centralized feature management)
• Data validation: Pydantic, Great Expectations, Pandera, Evidently (quality + drift)
• Visualization: Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Streamlit, Dash
• MLOps: MLflow, W&B, DVC, Neptune (experiment tracking + model registry)
• Hyperparameter tuning: Optuna, Ray Tune, Hyperopt
• Model serving: BentoML, FastAPI, TorchServe, Seldon, Ray Serve
• Orchestration: Kubeflow, Metaflow, Prefect, Airflow, ZenML
• Cloud platforms: AWS SageMaker, Google Vertex AI, Azure ML, Databricks, Snowflake

Use this skill to execute data science projects end-to-end: concrete checklists, patterns, and templates, not theory.