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| name | django-patterns |
| description | Django architecture patterns, REST API design with DRF, ORM best practices. Core patterns for project structure, models, QuerySets, and ViewSets. |
Django Development Patterns
Production-grade Django architecture patterns for scalable, maintainable applications.
When to Activate
- Building Django web applications
- Designing Django REST Framework APIs
- Working with Django ORM and models
- Setting up Django project structure
- Implementing custom QuerySets, Managers, or serializers for a DRF ViewSet
- Preventing N+1 queries by adding
select_related or prefetch_related to an existing queryset
- Structuring a Django project with split settings for development, testing, and production environments
Project Structure
Recommended Layout
myproject/
├── config/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── settings/
│ │ ├── __init__.py
│ │ ├── base.py # Base settings
│ │ ├── development.py # Dev settings
│ │ ├── production.py # Production settings
│ │ └── test.py # Test settings
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── wsgi.py
│ └── asgi.py
├── manage.py
└── apps/
├── __init__.py
├── users/
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── models.py
│ ├── views.py
│ ├── serializers.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ ├── permissions.py
│ ├── filters.py
│ ├── services.py
│ └── tests/
└── products/
└── ...
Split Settings Pattern
from pathlib import Path
BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent.parent
SECRET_KEY = env('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY')
DEBUG = False
ALLOWED_HOSTS = []
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'django.contrib.admin',
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
]
MIDDLEWARE = [
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
]
ROOT_URLCONF =
WSGI_APPLICATION =
DATABASES = {
: {
: ,
: env(),
: env(),
: env(),
: env(),
: env(, default=),
}
}
.base *
DEBUG =
ALLOWED_HOSTS = [, ]
DATABASES[][] =
INSTALLED_APPS += []
MIDDLEWARE += []
EMAIL_BACKEND =
.base *
DEBUG =
ALLOWED_HOSTS = env.()
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT =
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE =
CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE =
SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS =
SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS =
SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD =
LOGGING = {
: ,
: ,
: {
: {
: ,
: ,
: ,
},
},
: {
: {
: [],
: ,
: ,
},
},
}
'django.contrib.auth'
'django.contrib.contenttypes'
'django.contrib.sessions'
'django.contrib.messages'
'django.contrib.staticfiles'
'rest_framework'
'rest_framework.authtoken'
'corsheaders'
'apps.users'
'apps.products'
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware'
'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware'
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware'
'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware'
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware'
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware'
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware'
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware'
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware'
'config.urls'
'config.wsgi.application'
'default'
'ENGINE'
'django.db.backends.postgresql'
'NAME'
'DB_NAME'
'USER'
'DB_USER'
'PASSWORD'
'DB_PASSWORD'
'HOST'
'DB_HOST'
'PORT'
'DB_PORT'
'5432'
from
import
True
'localhost'
'127.0.0.1'
'default'
'NAME'
'myproject_dev'
'debug_toolbar'
'debug_toolbar.middleware.DebugToolbarMiddleware'
'django.core.mail.backends.console.EmailBackend'
from
import
False
list
'ALLOWED_HOSTS'
True
True
True
31536000
True
True
'version'
1
'disable_existing_loggers'
False
'handlers'
'file'
'level'
'WARNING'
'class'
'logging.FileHandler'
'filename'
'/var/log/django/django.log'
'loggers'
'django'
'handlers'
'file'
'level'
'WARNING'
'propagate'
True
Model Design Patterns
Model Best Practices
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
from django.core.validators import MinValueValidator, MaxValueValidator
class User(AbstractUser):
"""Custom user model extending AbstractUser."""
email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
phone = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)
birth_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'
REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['username']
class Meta:
db_table = 'users'
verbose_name = 'user'
verbose_name_plural = 'users'
ordering = ['-date_joined']
def __str__(self):
return self.email
def get_full_name(self):
return f"{self.first_name} {self.last_name}".strip()
class Product(models.Model):
"""Product model with proper field configuration."""
name = models.CharField(max_length=200)
slug = models.SlugField(unique=True, max_length=250)
description = models.TextField(blank=True)
price = models.DecimalField(
max_digits=10,
decimal_places=2,
validators=[MinValueValidator(0)]
)
stock = models.PositiveIntegerField(default=0)
is_active = models.BooleanField(default=True)
category = models.ForeignKey(
'Category',
on_delete=models.CASCADE,
related_name='products'
)
tags = models.ManyToManyField('Tag', blank=True, related_name='products')
created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)
class Meta:
db_table = 'products'
ordering = ['-created_at']
indexes = [
models.Index(fields=['slug']),
models.Index(fields=['-created_at']),
models.Index(fields=['category', 'is_active']),
]
constraints = [
models.CheckConstraint(
check=models.Q(price__gte=0),
name='price_non_negative'
)
]
def __str__(self):
return self.name
def save(self, *args, **kwargs):
if not self.slug:
self.slug = slugify(self.name)
super().save(*args, **kwargs)
QuerySet Best Practices
from django.db import models
class ProductQuerySet(models.QuerySet):
"""Custom QuerySet for Product model."""
def active(self):
"""Return only active products."""
return self.filter(is_active=True)
def with_category(self):
"""Select related category to avoid N+1 queries."""
return self.select_related('category')
def with_tags(self):
"""Prefetch tags for many-to-many relationship."""
return self.prefetch_related('tags')
def in_stock(self):
"""Return products with stock > 0."""
return self.filter(stock__gt=0)
def search(self, query):
"""Search products by name or description."""
return self.filter(
models.Q(name__icontains=query) |
models.Q(description__icontains=query)
)
class Product(models.Model):
objects = ProductQuerySet.as_manager()
Product.objects.active().with_category().in_stock()
Manager Methods
class ProductManager(models.Manager):
"""Custom manager for complex queries."""
def get_or_none(self, **kwargs):
"""Return object or None instead of DoesNotExist."""
try:
return self.get(**kwargs)
except self.model.DoesNotExist:
return None
def create_with_tags(self, name, price, tag_names):
"""Create product with associated tags."""
product = self.create(name=name, price=price)
tags = [Tag.objects.get_or_create(name=name)[0] for name in tag_names]
product.tags.set(tags)
return product
def bulk_update_stock(self, product_ids, quantity):
"""Bulk update stock for multiple products."""
return self.filter(id__in=product_ids).update(stock=quantity)
class Product(models.Model):
custom = ProductManager()
Django REST Framework Patterns
Serializer Patterns
from rest_framework import serializers
from django.contrib.auth.password_validation import validate_password
from .models import Product, User
class ProductSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
"""Serializer for Product model."""
category_name = serializers.CharField(source='category.name', read_only=True)
average_rating = serializers.FloatField(read_only=True)
discount_price = serializers.SerializerMethodField()
class Meta:
model = Product
fields = [
'id', 'name', 'slug', 'description', 'price',
'discount_price', 'stock', 'category_name',
'average_rating', 'created_at'
]
read_only_fields = ['id', 'slug', 'created_at']
def get_discount_price(self, obj):
"""Calculate discount price if applicable."""
if hasattr(obj, 'discount') and obj.discount:
return obj.price * (1 - obj.discount.percent / 100)
return obj.price
def validate_price(self, value):
"""Ensure price is non-negative."""
if value < 0:
raise serializers.ValidationError("Price cannot be negative.")
return value
class ProductCreateSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
"""Serializer for creating products."""
class Meta:
model = Product
fields = ['name', 'description', 'price', 'stock', 'category']
def validate(self, data):
"""Custom validation for multiple fields."""
if data['price'] > 10000 and data['stock'] > 100:
raise serializers.ValidationError(
"Cannot have high-value products with large stock."
)
return data
class UserRegistrationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
"""Serializer for user registration."""
password = serializers.CharField(
write_only=True,
required=True,
validators=[validate_password],
style={'input_type': 'password'}
)
password_confirm = serializers.CharField(write_only=True, style={'input_type': 'password'})
class Meta:
model = User
fields = ['email', 'username', 'password', 'password_confirm']
def validate(self, data):
"""Validate passwords match."""
if data['password'] != data['password_confirm']:
raise serializers.ValidationError({
"password_confirm": "Password fields didn't match."
})
return data
def create(self, validated_data):
"""Create user with hashed password."""
validated_data.pop('password_confirm')
password = validated_data.pop('password')
user = User.objects.create(**validated_data)
user.set_password(password)
user.save()
return user
ViewSet Patterns
from rest_framework import viewsets, status, filters
from rest_framework.decorators import action
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated, IsAdminUser
from django_filters.rest_framework import DjangoFilterBackend
from .models import Product
from .serializers import ProductSerializer, ProductCreateSerializer
from .permissions import IsOwnerOrReadOnly
from .filters import ProductFilter
from .services import ProductService
class ProductViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
"""ViewSet for Product model."""
queryset = Product.objects.select_related('category').prefetch_related('tags')
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated, IsOwnerOrReadOnly]
filter_backends = [DjangoFilterBackend, filters.SearchFilter, filters.OrderingFilter]
filterset_class = ProductFilter
search_fields = ['name', 'description']
ordering_fields = ['price', 'created_at', 'name']
ordering = ['-created_at']
def get_serializer_class(self):
"""Return appropriate serializer based on action."""
if self.action == 'create':
return ProductCreateSerializer
return ProductSerializer
def perform_create(self, serializer):
"""Save with user context."""
serializer.save(created_by=self.request.user)
@action(detail=False, methods=['get'])
def featured(self, request):
"""Return featured products."""
featured = self.queryset.filter(is_featured=True)[:10]
serializer = self.get_serializer(featured, many=True)
return Response(serializer.data)
@action(detail=True, methods=['post'])
def purchase(self, request, pk=None):
"""Purchase a product."""
product = self.get_object()
service = ProductService()
result = service.purchase(product, request.user)
return Response(result, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
@action(detail=False, methods=['get'], permission_classes=[IsAuthenticated])
def my_products(self, request):
"""Return products created by current user."""
products = self.queryset.filter(created_by=request.user)
page = self.paginate_queryset(products)
serializer = self.get_serializer(page, many=True)
return self.get_paginated_response(serializer.data)
Custom Actions
from rest_framework.decorators import api_view, permission_classes
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
from rest_framework.response import Response
@api_view(['POST'])
@permission_classes([IsAuthenticated])
def add_to_cart(request):
"""Add product to user cart."""
product_id = request.data.get('product_id')
quantity = request.data.get('quantity', 1)
try:
product = Product.objects.get(id=product_id)
except Product.DoesNotExist:
return Response(
{'error': 'Product not found'},
status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND
)
cart, _ = Cart.objects.get_or_create(user=request.user)
CartItem.objects.create(
cart=cart,
product=product,
quantity=quantity
)
return Response({'message': 'Added to cart'}, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
For advanced patterns — service layer, caching strategies, signals, custom middleware, performance optimization (N+1, bulk ops, indexing), DDD patterns in Django (fat models, bounded contexts, domain events) — see skill: django-patterns-advanced.
