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| name | SQL优化与索引 |
| description | 当优化数据库性能时，分析查询执行计划，设计高效索引，优化SQL语句。调整数据库配置，监控性能指标，和实施最佳实践。 |
| license | MIT |
SQL优化是提升数据库性能的核心技术。不当的查询设计和索引策略会导致系统响应缓慢、资源浪费、用户体验差。需要系统性的优化方法。
核心原则: 好的SQL优化应该查询高效、索引合理、资源利用充分、响应快速。坏的SQL优化会查询缓慢、资源浪费、系统不稳定。
始终:
触发短语:
问题:
查询导致全表扫描，性能极差
错误示例:
- 缺少合适的索引
- 索引选择性差
- 查询条件不当
- 统计信息过时
解决方案:
1. 创建合适的索引
2. 优化查询条件
3. 更新统计信息
4. 重写查询语句
问题:
索引存在但不被使用，查询仍然缓慢
错误示例:
- 索引列使用函数
- 类型不匹配
- 隐式转换
- 前导通配符
解决方案:
1. 避免索引列计算
2. 保证类型一致
3. 使用函数索引
4. 优化查询条件
问题:
多表连接查询性能差，响应时间长
错误示例:
- 缺少连接索引
- 连接顺序不当
- 笛卡尔积
- 不必要的连接
解决方案:
1. 优化连接索引
2. 调整连接顺序
3. 避免笛卡尔积
4. 减少连接表数
问题:
子查询执行效率低，影响整体性能
错误示例:
- 相关子查询
- 多层嵌套子查询
- 非优化子查询
- 重复计算
解决方案:
1. 使用JOIN代替子查询
2. 优化子查询结构
3. 使用EXISTS代替IN
4. 减少嵌套层次
import re
import json
from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional, Tuple
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import Enum
import time
class QueryType(Enum):
"""查询类型"""
SELECT = "select"
INSERT = "insert"
UPDATE = "update"
DELETE = "delete"
CREATE = "create"
DROP = "drop"
ALTER = "alter"
class OptimizationLevel(Enum):
"""优化级别"""
LOW = "low"
MEDIUM = "medium"
HIGH = "high"
CRITICAL = "critical"
@dataclass
class QueryAnalysis:
"""查询分析结果"""
query: str
query_type: QueryType
complexity_score: int
tables: List[str]
columns: List[str]
joins: List[str]
where_conditions: List[str]
group_by: List[str]
order_by: List[str]
having_conditions: []
subqueries: []
:
:
description:
impact:
difficulty:
example:
:
table_name:
column_names: []
index_type:
estimated_improvement:
reason:
:
():
.optimization_patterns = {
: ._detect_full_table_scan,
: ._detect_missing_index,
: ._detect_inefficient_join,
: ._detect_subquery_optimization,
: ._detect_function_on_index,
: ._detect_select_star,
: ._detect_implicit_conversion,
}
.index_analyzer = IndexAnalyzer()
() -> QueryAnalysis:
normalized_query = ._normalize_query(query)
query_type = ._identify_query_type(normalized_query)
tables = ._extract_tables(normalized_query)
columns = ._extract_columns(normalized_query)
joins = ._extract_joins(normalized_query)
where_conditions = ._extract_where_conditions(normalized_query)
group_by = ._extract_group_by(normalized_query)
order_by = ._extract_order_by(normalized_query)
having_conditions = ._extract_having_conditions(normalized_query)
subqueries = ._extract_subqueries(normalized_query)
complexity_score = ._calculate_complexity_score(
tables, joins, where_conditions, group_by, having_conditions, subqueries
)
QueryAnalysis(
query=query,
query_type=query_type,
complexity_score=complexity_score,
tables=tables,
columns=columns,
joins=joins,
where_conditions=where_conditions,
group_by=group_by,
order_by=order_by,
having_conditions=having_conditions,
subqueries=subqueries
)
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
pattern_name, pattern_func .optimization_patterns.items():
pattern_suggestions = pattern_func(analysis)
suggestions.extend(pattern_suggestions)
index_suggestions = ._generate_index_suggestions(analysis)
suggestions.extend(index_suggestions)
suggestions.sort(key= x: ._get_impact_priority(x.impact), reverse=)
suggestions
() -> :
query = re.sub(, , query)
query = re.sub(, , query, flags=re.DOTALL)
query = re.sub(, , query)
query = query.strip()
query
() -> QueryType:
query_upper = query.upper()
query_upper.startswith():
QueryType.SELECT
query_upper.startswith():
QueryType.INSERT
query_upper.startswith():
QueryType.UPDATE
query_upper.startswith():
QueryType.DELETE
query_upper.startswith():
QueryType.CREATE
query_upper.startswith():
QueryType.DROP
query_upper.startswith():
QueryType.ALTER
:
QueryType.SELECT
() -> []:
tables = []
from_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE)
from_match:
from_clause = from_match.group()
from_clause = re.sub(, , from_clause)
table_names = re.findall(, from_clause)
tables.extend(table_names)
join_matches = re.findall(, query, re.IGNORECASE)
tables.extend(join_matches)
((tables))
() -> []:
columns = []
select_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)
select_match:
select_clause = select_match.group()
select_clause:
columns.append()
:
column_names = re.findall(, select_clause)
columns.extend([col col column_names col.upper() [, , , , , ]])
((columns))
() -> []:
joins = []
join_patterns = [
,
,
,
,
]
pattern join_patterns:
matches = re.findall(pattern, query, re.IGNORECASE)
matches:
join_info =
joins.append(join_info)
joins
() -> []:
conditions = []
where_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)
where_match:
where_clause = where_match.group().strip()
condition_parts = re.split(, where_clause, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
conditions.extend([part.strip() part condition_parts part.strip()])
conditions
() -> []:
group_by_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE)
group_by_match:
group_by_clause = group_by_match.group()
[col.strip() col group_by_clause.split()]
[]
() -> []:
order_by_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE)
order_by_match:
order_by_clause = order_by_match.group()
[col.strip() col order_by_clause.split()]
[]
() -> []:
conditions = []
having_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)
having_match:
having_clause = having_match.group().strip()
condition_parts = re.split(, having_clause, flags=re.IGNORECASE)
conditions.extend([part.strip() part condition_parts part.strip()])
conditions
() -> []:
subqueries = []
subquery_patterns = [
,
,
,
]
pattern subquery_patterns:
matches = re.findall(pattern, query, re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)
subqueries.extend(matches)
subqueries
() -> :
score =
score += (tables) *
score += (joins) *
score += (where_conditions) *
score += (group_by) *
score += (having_conditions) *
score += (subqueries) *
score
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
analysis.where_conditions ( cond cond analysis.where_conditions):
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
suggestions
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
condition analysis.where_conditions:
columns = re.findall(, condition)
column columns:
column analysis.columns:
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
suggestions
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
join analysis.joins:
join:
on_condition = join.split()[].strip()
on_condition:
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
suggestions
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
subquery analysis.subqueries:
subquery subquery:
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
suggestions
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
condition analysis.where_conditions:
re.search(, condition):
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
suggestions
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
analysis.columns:
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
suggestions
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
condition analysis.where_conditions:
condition re.search(, condition):
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
suggestions
() -> [OptimizationSuggestion]:
suggestions = []
analysis.where_conditions:
columns = []
condition analysis.where_conditions:
condition_columns = re.findall(, condition)
columns.extend(condition_columns)
columns:
unique_columns = ((columns))
(unique_columns) > :
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
:
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
analysis.order_by analysis.where_conditions:
order_columns = [col.split()[] col analysis.order_by]
suggestions.append(OptimizationSuggestion(
=,
description=,
impact=,
difficulty=,
example=
))
suggestions
() -> :
impact_priorities = {
: ,
: ,
:
}
impact_priorities.get(impact, )
:
():
.index_types = {
: ,
: ,
: ,
: ,
: ,
:
}
() -> [, ]:
analysis = {
: [],
: [],
: [],
: []
}
index existing_indexes:
index[].lower() query.lower():
index_columns = index[]
query_lower = query.lower()
used =
column index_columns:
column.lower() query_lower:
used =
used:
analysis[].append(index)
:
analysis[].append(index)
analysis
():
()
analyzer = SQLQueryAnalyzer()
queries = [
,
,
]
i, query (queries, ):
()
()
analysis = analyzer.analyze_query(query)
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
suggestions = analyzer.generate_optimization_suggestions(analysis)
suggestions:
()
j, suggestion (suggestions, ):
()
()
:
()
__name__ == :
main()
from typing import Dict, Any, List, Optional, Set
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from enum import Enum
import json
class IndexType(Enum):
"""索引类型"""
BTREE = "btree"
HASH = "hash"
GIST = "gist"
GIN = "gin"
SPATIAL = "spatial"
FULLTEXT = "fulltext"
class IndexUsage(Enum):
"""索引用途"""
EQUALITY = "equality"
RANGE = "range"
ORDER = "order"
GROUP = "group"
JOIN = "join"
SEARCH = "search"
@dataclass
class ColumnInfo:
"""列信息"""
name: str
data_type: str
is_nullable: bool
is_unique: bool
cardinality: int
selectivity: float
avg_length: int
@dataclass
class TableInfo:
"""表信息"""
name: str
row_count: int
columns: List[ColumnInfo]
primary_key: []
foreign_keys: [, ]
:
name:
table_name:
columns: []
index_type: IndexType
is_unique:
is_partial:
where_condition: [] =
usage_types: [IndexUsage] = field(default_factory=)
:
definition: IndexDefinition
reason:
estimated_improvement:
creation_cost:
priority:
:
():
.design_rules = {
: ._design_primary_key_index,
: ._design_foreign_key_index,
: ._design_equality_search_index,
: ._design_range_search_index,
: ._design_order_by_index,
: ._design_group_by_index,
: ._design_join_optimization_index,
: ._design_full_text_search_index,
}
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
structure_recommendations = ._analyze_table_structure(table_info)
recommendations.extend(structure_recommendations)
query_recommendations = ._analyze_query_patterns(table_info, query_patterns)
recommendations.extend(query_recommendations)
existing_recommendations = ._analyze_existing_indexes(table_info)
recommendations.extend(existing_recommendations)
recommendations.sort(key= x: x.estimated_improvement / x.creation_cost, reverse=)
recommendations
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
table_info.primary_key:
primary_key_rec = ._design_primary_key_index(table_info, table_info.primary_key)
recommendations.append(primary_key_rec)
fk_column, ref_table table_info.foreign_keys.items():
fk_rec = ._design_foreign_key_index(table_info, [fk_column], ref_table)
recommendations.append(fk_rec)
column table_info.columns:
column.is_unique column.name table_info.primary_key:
unique_rec = ._design_unique_column_index(table_info, column)
recommendations.append(unique_rec)
recommendations
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
query query_patterns:
query_lower = query.lower()
query_lower query_lower:
equality_recommendations = ._analyze_equality_queries(table_info, query)
recommendations.extend(equality_recommendations)
(op query_lower op [, , , , , ]):
range_recommendations = ._analyze_range_queries(table_info, query)
recommendations.extend(range_recommendations)
query_lower:
order_recommendations = ._analyze_order_queries(table_info, query)
recommendations.extend(order_recommendations)
query_lower:
group_recommendations = ._analyze_group_queries(table_info, query)
recommendations.extend(group_recommendations)
query_lower:
join_recommendations = ._analyze_join_queries(table_info, query)
recommendations.extend(join_recommendations)
query_lower query_lower:
search_recommendations = ._analyze_search_queries(table_info, query)
recommendations.extend(search_recommendations)
recommendations
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
recommendations
() -> IndexRecommendation:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=columns,
index_type=IndexType.BTREE,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.EQUALITY, IndexUsage.JOIN]
)
IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
)
() -> IndexRecommendation:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=columns,
index_type=IndexType.BTREE,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.JOIN, IndexUsage.EQUALITY]
)
IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
)
() -> IndexRecommendation:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=[column.name],
index_type=IndexType.BTREE,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.EQUALITY]
)
IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
)
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
where_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE | re.DOTALL)
where_match:
where_clause = where_match.group()
equality_conditions = re.findall(, where_clause, re.IGNORECASE)
equality_conditions:
columns = [cond[] cond equality_conditions]
valid_columns = [col col columns col [c.name c table_info.columns]]
valid_columns:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=valid_columns,
index_type=IndexType.BTREE,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.EQUALITY]
)
recommendations.append(IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
))
recommendations
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
range_patterns = [
,
,
,
,
]
pattern range_patterns:
matches = re.findall(pattern, query, re.IGNORECASE)
matches:
column = [] (, )
column [c.name c table_info.columns]:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=[column],
index_type=IndexType.BTREE,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.RANGE]
)
recommendations.append(IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
))
recommendations
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
order_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE)
order_match:
order_clause = order_match.group()
order_columns = [col.strip().split()[] col order_clause.split()]
valid_columns = [col col order_columns col [c.name c table_info.columns]]
valid_columns:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=valid_columns,
index_type=IndexType.BTREE,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.ORDER]
)
recommendations.append(IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
))
recommendations
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
group_match = re.search(, query, re.IGNORECASE)
group_match:
group_clause = group_match.group()
group_columns = [col.strip() col group_clause.split()]
valid_columns = [col col group_columns col [c.name c table_info.columns]]
valid_columns:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=valid_columns,
index_type=IndexType.BTREE,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.GROUP]
)
recommendations.append(IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
))
recommendations
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
join_patterns = [
,
,
]
pattern join_patterns:
matches = re.findall(pattern, query, re.IGNORECASE)
matches:
() == :
table1, col1, table2, col2 =
table1.lower() == table_info.name.lower():
column = col1
table2.lower() == table_info.name.lower():
column = col2
:
column [c.name c table_info.columns]:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=[column],
index_type=IndexType.BTREE,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.JOIN]
)
recommendations.append(IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
))
recommendations
() -> [IndexRecommendation]:
recommendations = []
like_matches = re.findall(, query, re.IGNORECASE)
column like_matches:
column [c.name c table_info.columns]:
index_def = IndexDefinition(
name=,
table_name=table_info.name,
columns=[column],
index_type=IndexType.FULLTEXT,
is_unique=,
is_partial=,
usage_types=[IndexUsage.SEARCH]
)
recommendations.append(IndexRecommendation(
definition=index_def,
reason=,
estimated_improvement=,
creation_cost=,
priority=
))
recommendations
() -> :
script_lines = [, , ]
i, rec (recommendations, ):
script_lines.append()
script_lines.append()
script_lines.append()
script_lines.append()
index_def = rec.definition
columns_str = .join(index_def.columns)
index_def.is_unique:
create_stmt =
:
create_stmt =
create_stmt +=
index_def.is_partial index_def.where_condition:
create_stmt +=
create_stmt +=
script_lines.append(create_stmt)
script_lines.append()
.join(script_lines)
():
()
table_info = TableInfo(
name=,
row_count=,
columns=[
ColumnInfo(, , , , , , ),
ColumnInfo(, , , , , , ),
ColumnInfo(, , , , , , ),
ColumnInfo(, , , , , , ),
ColumnInfo(, , , , , , ),
ColumnInfo(, , , , , , ),
],
primary_key=[],
foreign_keys={: }
)
query_patterns = [
,
,
,
,
,
]
designer = IndexDesigner()
recommendations = designer.analyze_table_and_recommend_indexes(table_info, query_patterns)
()
()
()
()
()
i, rec (recommendations, ):
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
script = designer.generate_index_creation_script(recommendations)
(script)
__name__ == :
main()